不同来源废水中TOC与COD相关性研究

对纺织染整、化工、制药、食品加工各行业生产废水及城镇污水厂处理设施出水中的TOC(自动仪器监测)与COD(实验室手工分析)测定值进行回归分析,并检验一元线性回归方程的显著性和有效性。结果表明,各行业生产废水中TOC与COD值均存在非常显著的相关性,且废水组成成分越单一稳定,其相关性越好,同行业废水中TOC与COD回归方程的斜率b较为接近。利用TOC自动在线监测值换算所得的COD值,准确性和稳定性高,能满足水质实时连续监测的需要。     

抚仙湖硅藻群落的时空变化特征及其与水环境的关系

抚仙湖是我国重要的深水型淡水湖泊且水体水质总体处于I类水平,近年来在流域开发、全球变暖等影响下其生态环境功能呈现退化的趋势,需要对湖泊生物的群落组成、分布模式及其驱动因子进行系统评价.本研究于2015年选取抚仙湖的南、中、北湖区共3个采样点开展了表层水体硅藻群落和水环境特征的逐月分析.样品中共发现硅藻31个属、166个种且以浮游类型为主,其中云南特有硅藻种Cyclotella rhomboideo-elliptica基本消失.硅藻群落结构的逐月变化在3个采样点中均呈现明显的季节演替特征,其中1、2月优势种主要为Fragilaria crotonensis,3月优势种为Aulacoseira granulata,4月C.ocellata与F.crotonensis同为优势种,而在其余月硅藻群落结构较为单一且优势物种皆为C.ocellata(相对丰度占~80%).而空间尺度上,硅藻优势属种分布和群落结构具有较高的一致性.主成分分析显示,不同湖区的硅藻群落结构组成和水体环境在时间尺度上存在较大差异,而在空间尺度上差异较小;冗余分析和变差分解等分析结果进一步表明,影响群落结构时空变化的主要驱动因子是气象与物理因子(包括水温、风速和透明度),共解释了硅藻群落变率的27.6%,表明了该深水湖泊水体热力分层的厚度与持续时间是影响硅藻群落构建的重要过程.同时,湖泊营养水平与水体离子浓度也对硅藻群落结构产生了明显影响,分别解释了硅藻群落变率的21.2%和9.4%.因此,持续的区域变暖和流域开发明显影响了抚仙湖的生物群落构建与生态系统健康,对抚仙湖的生态保护不仅需要控制营养盐等流域污染物的输入,同时应该积极应对气候变化的长期影响.     

Effects of chlortetracycline, Cu and their combination on the performance and microbial community dynamics in swine manure anaerobic digestion

Swine manure was typical for the combined pollution of heavy metals and antibiotics. The effects of widely used veterinary antibiotic chlortetracycline(CTC), Cu and their combination on swine manure anaerobic digestion performance and microbial community have never been investigated. Thus, four 2 L anaerobic digestion reactors were established including reactor A(control), B(CTC spiked by 0.5 g/kg dry weight, dw), C(Cu spiked by 5 g/kg dw) and D(combination of CTC, 0.5 g/kg dw, and Cu, 5 g/kg dw), and dynamics of bacterial and archaeal community structure was investigated using high throughput sequencing method. Results showed that addition of CTC and Cu separately could increase the total biogas production by21.6% and 15.8%, respectively, while combination of CTC and Cu severely inhibited anaerobic digestion(by 30.3%). Furthermore, corresponding to different stages and reactors, four kinds of microbes including bacteria and archaea were described in detail, and the effects of CTC, Cu and their combination mainly occurred at hydrolysis and acidification phases. The addition of Cu alone changed the dynamics of archaeal community significantly. It was genus Methanomassiliicoccus that dominated at the active methane production for A, B and D, while it was genus Methanobrevibacter and Methanoculleus for C.     

基于P-S-R框架辽宁省2003年-2012年城市生态安全演变趋势研究

着眼于辽宁省经济发展与环境问题凸显的现状,基于压力-状态-响应(P-S-R)生态安全评价模型,选取辽宁省14个城市2003年-2012年的经济、社会与环境等25个指标数据进行生态安全综合评价,对生态安全演变趋势进行分析.结果表明:十年来辽宁省城市生态安全指数呈现整体上升趋势,生态安全综合评价指数基本与生态安全指数变化趋势相似,说明辽宁省生态安全状况正逐步改善,并且总体呈现发展趋势,辽宁省的生态安全建设取得一定进展.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属浸出影响研究

通过浸出液pH测定、全量测定以及(HJ/T 299-2007)硫酸硝酸法和(HJ/T 300-2007)醋酸缓冲溶液法浸提,对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属浸出特性进行了实验研究.结果表明浸出pH条件、飞灰中重金属含量以及重金属分布形态是影响浸出浓度的主要因素.相比于硫酸硝酸法,醋酸缓冲溶液法重金属提取效率明显较高,尤其是铜锌镉铬.垃圾焚烧飞灰潜在环境风险较大,在填埋处理及综合利用时应充分考虑其浸出特性.     

The gap report of global climate change mitigation,finance, and governance after the United States declared its withdrawal from the Paris Agreement

On 1 June 2017, the US President Donald Trump officially announced the withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, thus the study on the reasons of withdrawal, the potential impacts, and coping strategies has become a focus among policy circles and of the international community. Based on the self-developed US Policy Assessment Model, this paper systematically evaluates the three potential “major deficits” in terms of mitigation, climate finance, and global climate governance, as a result of the US withdrawal from the Paris Agreement and puts forward policy suggestions for coping with such transformations accordingly. The study shows that the United States ’withdrawal from the Paris Agreement will affect the existence and implementation of successive climate policies and result in an additional 8.8–13.4% increase in the global emissions reduction deficit. The United States’ withdrawal will also deteriorate the existing climate finance mechanism. The Green Climate Fund (GCF)’s funding gap will increase by US$2 billion, while the gap of long-term climate finance will increase by about US$5 billion a year. Either the China–EU or the “BASIC plus” mechanism could fill the governance deficit caused by the United States and the lack of political momentum may continue for a while in the future.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cochlodinium polykrikoides</Emphasis> blooms and clonal isolates from the northwest Atlantic coast cause rapid mortality in larvae of multiple bivalve species

Globally, many commercial bivalve populations have declined in recent decades. In addition to overharvesting and habitat loss, the increasing frequency and intensity of harmful algal blooms (HABs) are likely to contribute to bivalve losses, particularly in cases where blooms negatively impact larval stages. This paper reports on the lethal effects of clonal cultures and blooms of Cochlodinium polykrikoides from the US Atlantic coast on the larvae of three species of commercially and ecologically valuable bivalves: the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), the bay scallop (Argopecten irradians), and the Northern quahog (hard clam; Mercenaria mercenaria). Both cultures and blooms of C. polykrikoides were highly toxic to all three species of bivalve larvae causing 80–100% mortality during 24- to 72-h exposures at concentrations of 1–2 × 10³ cells ml⁻¹. Toxicity was dependent on cell densities, growth stage of C. polykrikoides (i.e. cultures in exponential stage growth were more toxic than later stages), exposure time of larvae to cells (i.e. longer exposure caused higher mortality), the age of larvae (i.e. younger larvae were more sensitive), and the relative abundance of C. polykrikoides (i.e. the presence of other microalgae decreased toxicity). Free radical-scavenging enzymes (peroxidase and catalase) and the removal of C. polykrikoides cells (i.e. culture filtrate) significantly increased larval survival suggesting toxicity is maximized by contact with live cells and may involve labile toxins bound by these compounds including e.g. reactive oxygen species. The toxicity of C. polykrikoides to bivalve larvae was generally more severe than other HAB species (e.g. Karenia brevis, Karlodinium veneficum, Alexandrium tamarense, Prorocentrum minimum). Since the bivalves in this study spawn in the months when C. polykrikoides blooms on the east coast of North America, these results suggest that these blooms may have detrimental effects on efforts to restore these already diminished populations.     

冷却塔的噪声特性与控制

某住宅小区建有大型冷却塔,运行时产生的噪声严重干扰了居民的生活。在现场进行噪声测量的基础上,着重分析了冷却塔的噪声特性以及噪声源,进而设计并详细分析了针对不同噪声源的噪声治理方案。实施结果证明,采取的控制措施有效,降噪效果明显,能完全满足国家技术标准的要求。     

Atmospheric oxidation capacity in the summer of Houston 2006: Comparison with summer measurements in other metropolitan studies

Both similarities and differences in summertime atmospheric photochemical oxidation appear in the comparison of four field studies: TEXAQS2000 (Houston, 2000), NYC2001 (New York City, 2001), MCMA2003 (Mexico City, 2003), and TRAMP2006 (Houston, 2006). The compared photochemical indicators are OH and HO₂ abundances, OH reactivity (the inverse of the OH lifetime), HO_x budget, OH chain length (ratio of OH cycling to OH loss), calculated ozone production, and ozone sensitivity. In terms of photochemical activity, Houston is much more like Mexico City than New York City. These relationships result from the ratio of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to nitrogen oxides (NO_x), which are comparable in Houston and Mexico City, but much lower in New York City. Compared to New York City, Houston and Mexico City also have higher levels of OH and HO₂, longer OH chain lengths, a smaller contribution of reactions with NO_x to the OH reactivity, and NO_x-sensitivity for ozone production during the day. In all four studies, the photolysis of nitrous acid (HONO) and formaldehyde (HCHO) are significant, if not dominant, HO_x sources. A problematic result in all four studies is the greater OH production than OH loss during morning rush hour, even though OH production and loss are expected to always be in balance because of the short OH lifetime. The cause of this discrepancy is not understood, but may be related to the under-predicted HO₂ in high NO_x conditions, which could have implications for ozone production. Three photochemical indicators show particularly high photochemical activity in Houston during the TRAMP2006 study: the long portion of the day for which ozone production was NO_x-sensitive, the calculated ozone production rate that was second only to Mexico City's, and the OH chain length that was twice that of any other location. These results on photochemical activity provide additional support for regulatory actions to reduce reactive VOCs in Houston in order to reduce ozone and other pollutants.     

Effects of sandy desertified land rehabilitation on soil carbon sequestration and aggregation in an arid region in China

The rehabilitation of sandy desertified land in semi-arid and arid regions has a great potential to increase carbon sequestration and improve soil quality. Our objective was to investigate the changes in the soil carbon pool and soil properties of surface soil (0–15 cm) under different types of rehabilitation management. Our study was done in the short-term (7 years) and long-term (32 years) desertification control sites in a marginal oasis of northwest China. The different management treatments were: (1) untreated shifting sand land as control; (2) sand-fixing shrubs with straw checkerboards; (3) poplar (Populus gansuensis) shelter forest; and (4) irrigated cropland after leveling sand dune. The results showed that the rehabilitation of severe sandy desertified land resulted in significant increases in soil organic C (SOC), inorganic C, and total N concentrations, as well as enhanced soil aggregation. Over a 7-year period of revegetation and cultivation, SOC concentration in the recovered shrub land, forest land and irrigated cropland increased by 4.1, 14.6 and 11.9 times compared to the control site (shifting sand land), and increased by 11.2, 17.0 and 23.0 times over the 32-year recovery period. Total N, labile C (KMnO₄–oxidation C), C management index (CMI) and inorganic C (CaCO₃–C) showed a similar increasing trend as SOC. The increased soil C and N was positively related to the accumulation of fine particle fractions. The accumulation of silt and clay, soil C and CaCO₃ enhanced the formation of aggregates, which was beneficial to mitigate wind erosion. The percentage of >0.25 mm dry aggregates increased from 18.0% in the control site to 20.0–87.2% in the recovery sites, and the mean weight diameter (MWD) of water-stable aggregates significantly increased, with a range of 0.09–0.30 mm at the recovery sites. Long-term irrigation and fertilization led to a greater soil C and N accumulation in cropland than in shrub and forest lands. The amount of soil C sequestration reached up to 1.8–9.4 and 7.5–17.3 Mg ha^?1 at the 0–15 cm layer over a 7- and 32-year rehabilitation period compared to the control site, suggesting that desertification control has a great potential for sequestering soil C and improving soil quality in northwest China.