氢自养生物还原去除地下水中对硝基氯苯（p-NCB）的实验研究

采用批式实验讨论了氢自养还原菌在厌氧条件下,利用氢气作为电子供体还原地下水中对硝基氯苯的可行性及其影响因素。结果表明,氢自养菌能利用氢气生物还原对硝基氯苯,并产生中间产物对氯苯胺,继而进一步还原脱氯产生苯胺,该过程可提高对硝基氯苯的可生化性。对硝基氯苯在初始阶段还原速率较快,最高去除速率达到610μg/（L.d）,随后逐渐降低达到稳定。影响因素实验表明,在一定浓度范围内提高对硝基氯苯浓度对其去除率影响较小,但硝基进一步还原和脱氯效果降低;氢自养菌还原硝基氯苯的最适宜pH值在7.0~8.0之间;水中的硝酸盐和对硝基氯苯对电子供体存在竞争,硝酸盐反硝化对对硝基氯苯还原具有抑制作用。     

一体化A/O生物膜反应器脱氮特性研究

采用新型的一体化A/O生物膜反应器,对生活污水进行脱氮处理实验.研究了溶解氧(DO)质量浓度对硝化和反硝化作用的影响,并对反应器的脱氮特性和降解机理进行了探讨.结果表明:DO对一体化A/O反应器脱氮影响较大,随着好氧区DO的增加,NH3-N和TN的去除率相应增加.当DO为2～4 mg/L时,发生同步硝化反硝化作用,NH...     

The Status of Pesticide Residues in the Drinking Water Sources in Meiliangwan Bay, Taihu Lake of China

The study was carried out to assess the levels of pesticide residues in the water of Meiliangwan Bay, Taihu Lake of China. The most commonly employed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) and herbicide atrazine were analyzed. The water samples were collected seasonally from Meiliangwan Bay within a period of one year. The pesticides were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) with μECD or NPD after solid-phase extraction (SPE), which was confirmed by GC with an ion trap mass spectrometry (MS). The mean concentrations were 1.98 ng/l for lindane, 0.378 ng/l for heptachlor epoxide, 0.367 ng/l for p,p′-DDE, 0.496 ng/l for p,p′-DDD, 1.06 ng/l for p,p′-DDT and 51.6 ng/l for dichlorvos, 39.0 ng/l for demeton, 346 ng/l for dimethoate, 4.12 ng/l for methyl parathion, 11.6 ng/l for malathion, 2.17 ng/l for parathion and 217 ng/l for atrazine. Generally, low concentrations of OCP were found, whereas the concentrations of the OPPs and atrazine in the water of Taihu Lake were relatively high. Heptachlor epoxide and lindane were the two most commonly encountered OCPs while dichlorvos, demeton and dimethoate were found to have much higher concentrations and occurrences than other OPPs.     

Atmospheric oxidation capacity in the summer of Houston 2006: Comparison with summer measurements in other metropolitan studies

Both similarities and differences in summertime atmospheric photochemical oxidation appear in the comparison of four field studies: TEXAQS2000 (Houston, 2000), NYC2001 (New York City, 2001), MCMA2003 (Mexico City, 2003), and TRAMP2006 (Houston, 2006). The compared photochemical indicators are OH and HO₂ abundances, OH reactivity (the inverse of the OH lifetime), HO_x budget, OH chain length (ratio of OH cycling to OH loss), calculated ozone production, and ozone sensitivity. In terms of photochemical activity, Houston is much more like Mexico City than New York City. These relationships result from the ratio of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to nitrogen oxides (NO_x), which are comparable in Houston and Mexico City, but much lower in New York City. Compared to New York City, Houston and Mexico City also have higher levels of OH and HO₂, longer OH chain lengths, a smaller contribution of reactions with NO_x to the OH reactivity, and NO_x-sensitivity for ozone production during the day. In all four studies, the photolysis of nitrous acid (HONO) and formaldehyde (HCHO) are significant, if not dominant, HO_x sources. A problematic result in all four studies is the greater OH production than OH loss during morning rush hour, even though OH production and loss are expected to always be in balance because of the short OH lifetime. The cause of this discrepancy is not understood, but may be related to the under-predicted HO₂ in high NO_x conditions, which could have implications for ozone production. Three photochemical indicators show particularly high photochemical activity in Houston during the TRAMP2006 study: the long portion of the day for which ozone production was NO_x-sensitive, the calculated ozone production rate that was second only to Mexico City's, and the OH chain length that was twice that of any other location. These results on photochemical activity provide additional support for regulatory actions to reduce reactive VOCs in Houston in order to reduce ozone and other pollutants.     

Estimating contribution of wildland fires to ambient ozone levels in National Parks in the Sierra Nevada, California

Data from four continuous ozone and weather monitoring sites operated by the National Park Service in Sierra Nevada, California, are used to develop an ozone forecasting model and to estimate the contribution of wildland fires on ambient ozone levels. The analyses of weather and ozone data pointed to the transport of ozone precursors from the Central Valley as an important source of pollution in these National Parks. Comparisons of forecasted and observed values demonstrated that accurate forecasts of next-day hourly ozone levels may be achieved by using a time series model with historic averages, expected local weather and modeled PM values as explanatory variables. Results on fire smoke influence indicated occurrence of significant increases in average ozone levels with increasing fire activity. The overall effect on diurnal ozone values, however, was small when compared with the amount of variability attributed to sources other than fire.     

重庆大气气溶胶污染现状与回顾

通过近几年重庆市大气气溶胶污染的监测及几种监测方法的比较 ,介绍了重庆大气气溶胶的污染现状 ,推导出TSP手工与自动采样之间、PM1 0 和地面站 β射线法测定结果之间、PM1 0 和 PM2 .5 之间浓度的定量关系。以此 ,计算出大气气溶胶从 1 981年至 1 998年的逐年变化值。这些都为环境管理和烟尘治理提供了科学数据     

油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)与细菌间的基因水平转移

油菜菌核病（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）是油菜生产上最重要的病害之一,其致病性可能来源于基因水平转移（Horizontal gene transfer,HGT）.为认识其致病原理和寻找新的真菌抑制剂的靶点,首先通过BLASTp发现其基因XM₀01585458.1编码蛋白XP₀01585508.1与细菌比对结果中出现低E值3.23e-109和高SCORE值436,暗示存在HGT现象;进一步通过系统进化树的建立,发现该蛋白在进化分枝上更接近于细菌中由Streptomyces sp.C的NZ_CM000832.1基因编码的蛋白ZP₀7291173;同时核苷酸组成分析也发现该基因与油菜菌核病菌基因组的碱基组成有较大差别,GC含量提高了14.95%.这些结果证明了XM₀01585458.1的确存在基因水平转移事件.结构分析和COG蛋白功能分类显示该HGT序列编码蛋白XP₀01585508.1具有FA58C₃（Coagulation factors 5/8 type C domain）、Kelch repeat type 1、Galactose-binding domain-like、Galactose oxidase/kelch,beta-propeller等保守结构域,应为一个膜蛋白并参与多糖代谢,推测该水平转移基因与S.sclerotiorum在侵染植物时进行细胞壁水解和致病性有关.     

Microbial community and functional genes in the rhizosphere of alfalfa in crude oil-contaminated soil

A rhizobox system constructed with crude oil-contaminated soil was vegetated with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to evaluate the rhizosphere effects on the soil microbial population and functional structure, and to explore the potential mechanisms by which plants enhance the removal of crude oil in soil. During the 80-day experiment, 31.6% of oil was removed from the adjacent rhizosphere (AR); this value was 27% and 53%higher than the percentage of oil removed from the far rhizosphere (FR) and from the non-rhizosphere (NR), respectively. The populations of heterotrophic bacteria and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were higher in the AR and FR than in the NR. However, the removal rate of crude oil was positively correlated with the proportion of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in the rhizosphere. In total, 796, 731, and 379 functional genes were detected by microarray in the AR, FR, and NR, respectively. Higher proportions of functional genes related to carbon degradation and organic remediation, were found in rhizosphere soil compared with NR soil, suggesting that the rhizosphere selectively increased the abundance of these specific functional genes. The increase in water-holding capacity and decrease in pH as well as salinity of the soil all followed the order of AR>FR>NR. Canonical component analysis showed that salinity was the most important environmental factor influencing the microbial functional structure in the rhizosphere and that salinity was negatively correlated with the abundance of carbon and organic degradation genes.     

紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）入侵地的生物多样性

生物多样性演变是全球变化的重要组成部分,物种入侵对生物多样的影响已成为当前全球变化领域的研究热点之一。本文研究了西双版纳紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）入侵地的植物、土壤动物与土壤微生物的多样性,结果表明：（1）不同程度入侵区的植物种类及其重要值差别较大,在重度入侵区,紫茎泽兰的重要值高达237.74%,但随着入侵程度的降低,植物种类有所增加且紫茎泽兰的重要值随之降低;丰富度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数与均匀度指数均表现为轻度入侵区〉中度入侵区〉重度入侵区。（2）三种入侵区的土壤动物隶属23目,其中弹尾目（Collembola）、蜱螨目（Acarina）和膜翅目（Hymenoptera）为优势种群,三者总量占捕获总数的61.77%;丰富度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数、均匀度指数与密度类群指数均表现为轻度入侵区〉中度入侵区〉重度入侵区。（3）土壤微生物可培养数量类群方面,细菌表现为中度入侵区〉重度入侵区〉轻度入侵区,放线菌、真菌、自生固氮菌与氨氧化细菌均表现为重度入侵区〉中度入侵区〉轻度入侵区;多样性指数表现为重度入侵区〉轻度入侵区〉中度入侵区,优势度指数表现为轻度入侵区=中度入侵区〉重度入侵区,均匀度指数表现为重度入侵区〉轻度入侵区=中度入侵区。可见,紫茎泽兰入侵地的植物与土壤动物多样性随入侵程度加重而降低,但土壤微生物多样性却随入侵程度加重反而呈上升趋势。今后,加强室内模拟与野外定点长期观测相结合试验是探究紫茎泽兰入侵对生物多样性影响机制的研究方向。     

一株高效解磷细菌的紫外诱变选育及其在红壤稻田施用效果

红壤对磷有强大吸附固定力,磷肥易被土壤中活性铁、铝固定而使有效态磷转化为各种形态的非有效磷,从而大大降低磷肥的利用率。解磷菌能使土壤中难溶性或不溶性的磷转化为易于被植物吸收利用的磷。通过对江西鹰潭红壤分离筛选并经过紫外诱变获得一株性状稳定的高效解磷细菌Y8。经鉴定,菌株Y8为蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）。通过与生产中应用的徐州华龙高效复合菌肥厂的解磷细菌X3相比,菌株Y8降解有机磷、溶解Ca3（PO4）2的能力均比较高,分别为155.3mg·L^-1和240.1mg·L^-1。研究各种理化因子对菌株Y8解磷能力的影响,确定了菌株Y8的最佳培养条件为葡萄糖20g·L^-1、NH4（SO4）21.5g·L^-1、pH7.0、温度为35℃,在该条件下菌株Y8溶解Ca3（PO4）2的量为295.6mg·L^-1。在江西鹰潭红壤稻田的施用试验表明,将菌株Y8制成微生物菌剂施用于水稻田可起到减施化肥的作用。