隧道实验测定南京市机动车PM_（10）排放因子

选取南京城市隧道进行机动车PM10平均排放因子的测试研究。采用质量平衡模型和多元线性回归方法计算了4种车型PM10的综合排放因子。结果表明：隧道内机动车PM10平均排放因子为0.347±0.100 g/（km·辆）;大型车的PM10排放因子远高于其他车型的排放因子,其次是中型车和摩托车,小型车最小,其综合排放因子分别为1.440 g/（km·辆）、0.850 g/（km·辆）、0.790 g/（km·辆）和0.320 g/（km.辆）;在车速相似的情况下,本隧道实验所测机动车的PM10排放因子与国内隧道实验结果相仿,却远大于国外隧道实验结果。     

Enhanced degradation of bioremediation residues in petroleum-contaminated soil using a two-liquid-phase bioslurry reactor

A study was performed to determine the potential of two-liquid-phase (TLP) bioslurry reactors using silicon oil as solvent for degradation of residual contaminants in petroleum-contaminated soil. The residues were characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. This allowed for the identification of a mixture of residual biomarkers, metabolic byproducts, oxygenated and hetero-polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the contaminated soil. The removal amount of total extractable organics (TEO) was 15 900 mg kg⁻¹ soil in the TLP reactor within 12 weeks. However, TEO remained intact in the bioslurry reactor without the addition of silicon oil for the duration of the experiment, due to high toxicity of metabolites to the microorganisms. The availability of TEO was calculated using a mild extraction with Triton X-100, and the amount of TEO extracted was in accord with the amount of biodegraded TEO. Significantly reduced toxicity in soil was observed at week 12 through TLP remediation. Dehydrogenase activity in the bioslurry reactor was strongly suppressed. Fluorescein diacetate was significantly hydrolyzed by the composition of bioremediation residues in the contaminated soil. Microbial adhesion to the solvent was revealed by the determination of microbial activity in the water-immiscible-liquid.     

An examination of oxidant amounts on secondary organic aerosol formation and aging

The effect of HO_x radicals (OH and HO₂) and ozone (O₃) on aerosol formation and aging has been studied. Experiments were performed in presence as well as in absence of oxygen in a flow-through chamber at 299 K for three organic precursor gases, isoprene, α-pinene and m-xylene. The HO_x source was the UV photolysis of humidified air or nitrogen and was measured with a GTHOS (Ground-based Tropospheric Hydrogen Oxides Sensor). The precursor gases concentration was monitored with an online GC-FID. The aerosol mass was then quantified by a Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM). Typical oxidant mixing ratios were (0–4.5) ppm for O₃, 200 pptv for OH and 3 ppbv for HO₂. A simple kinetics model is used to infer the aerosol production mechanism. In the present of O₃ (or O₂), the SOA yields were 0.46, 0.036 and 0.12 for α-pinene with an initial concentration of 100 ppbv (RH = 37%), isoprene with an initial concentration of 177 ppbv (RH = 50%) and m-xylene with an initial concentration of 100 ppbv (RH = 37%), respectively. When the chosen precursor gases reacted with HO_x in the absence of O₃, the maximum SOA yields were significantly increased by factors of 1.6 for isoprene 1.1 for α-pinene, and 3 for m-xylene respectively. The comparison of the calculated and measured potential aerosol mass concentrations as function of time shows that presence of ozone or oxygen can influence the aerosol yield and the absence of ozone or oxygen in the system resulted in high concentrations of its organic aerosol products.     

皮革废水混凝处理实验研究

采用混凝剂对皮革废水进行混凝处理。对3种无机混凝剂和一种有机混凝剂进行了筛选,研究了pH值和投药量对废水中SS、COD、铬和色度等污染物去除效果的影响。结果表明,当pH值在酸性和中性时,效果不明显;当pH值为碱性时,效果显著。硫酸亚铁、硫酸亚铁+PAM和聚合氯化铝(PAC)+PAM 3种混凝剂组合具有良好的混凝效果,在合适的pH值和投药量下,SS和COD的去除率分别达到80%和30%以上,铬和色度的去除率分别达到95%和50%以上。且硫酸亚铁混凝效果好,成本低,适合小型皮革企业需求。     

基于WRF三峡地区不同区域降水中下垫面效应数值试验研究

利用具有代表性的三峡地区区域性降水个例,基于WRF模式,在模式下垫面中加入长江水体以及修改局地地形,研究局地环流和气象要素对局地下垫面变化的响应。结果表明：加入长江水体后,不同区域性降水个例空间降水变化上,没有出现明显的降水变化区,表明长江水体对区域局地性降水影响较小;同时加入长江水体和修改地形高度后,空间上降水具有明显的变化,且与修改地形后的降水空间变化较一致,表明局地地形对区域降水空间变化具有重要影响;加入长江水体后,近地面2 m高度相对湿度变化上,不同区域性降水个例表现不一,总体上对局地相对湿度影响较小;近地面2 m温度、地表向上的水汽通量和地表向上的潜热通量均为增加,在局地地形的“喇叭口”效应作用下,长江水体拐弯处增加效应明显     

印制电路板工艺涂层防湿热、防霉菌、防盐雾试验标准的对比与分析

本文对现有标准中印制电路板工艺涂层的防湿热、防霉菌、防盐雾试验方法进行了对比,分析了各标准在标准试样制备、试验依据方法及表征参数等方面的要求,对比分析结果可为印制电路板工艺涂层三防性能验证试验方案设计提供指导。     

Reduction of Cr(VI) by malic acid in aqueous Fe-rich soil suspensions

Detoxification of Cr(VI) through reduction by organic reductants has been regarded as an effective way for remediation of Cr(VI)-polluted soils. However, such remediation strategy would be limited in practical applications due to the low Cr(VI) reduction rate. In this study, the catalytic effect of two Fe-rich soils (Ultisol and Oxisol) on Cr(VI) reduction by malic acid was evaluated. As the results shown, the two soils could obviously accelerate the reduction of Cr(VI) by malic acid at low pH conditions, while such catalytic effect was gradually suppressed as the increase in pH. After reaction for 48 h at pH 3.2, Oxalic acid was found in the supernatant of Ultisol, suggesting the oxidization of hydroxyl in malic acid to carboxyl and breakage of the bond between C₂ and C₃. It was also found that the catalytic reactivity of Ultisol was more significant than that of Oxisol, which could be partly attributed to the fact that the amount of Fe(II) released from the reductive dissolution of Ultisol by malic acid was larger than that of Oxisol. With addition of Al(III), the catalytic effect from Ultisol was inhibited across the pH range examined. On the contrary, the presence of Cu(II) would increase the catalytic effect of Ultisol, which was more pronounced with the increase in pH. This study proposed a potential way for elimination of the environmental risks posed by the Cr(VI) contamination by use of the natural soil surfaces to catalyze Cr(VI) reduction by the organic reductant such as malic acid, a kind of organic reductant originating from soil organic decomposition process or plant excretion.     

滤料粒径对给水曝气生物滤池运行稳定性的影响

利用给水曝气生物滤池(UBAF)处理刘屋洲水源水,考察了不同陶粒粒径对氨氮、高锰酸盐指数的去除效果以及水头损失变化的影响。结果表明,陶粒3～5 mm的UBAF对氨氮、高锰酸盐指数的去除效果较高,但是其水头损失较大,且反冲洗前后水头损失变化偏大,不利于UBAF稳定运行。陶粒6～10 mm的UBAF运行状况良好,氨氮的去除率为73.8%,高锰酸盐指数的去除率为18.6%,滤池24 h过滤水头损失<0.4 m,反冲洗前后过滤水头损失变化量<5 cm。其出水氨氮和高锰酸盐指数均达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006),滤池的水头损失小,反冲洗前后也变化甚微。进一步的实验表明陶粒破碎会导致滤料粒径级配变化,使得水头损失增加。     

SCR脱硝蜂窝陶瓷催化剂载体的制备

以二氧化钛、氧化铝作为主要原料,通过柱塞式挤压成型法制备了0.15 m×0.15 m×1 m规格的蜂窝陶瓷催化剂载体。通过对不同原料组成的载体性能对比,研究了各配方组分对载体性能的影响。为了提高载体活性,在21号配方的基础上加入A、B 2种商用造孔剂,考察了不同造孔剂的造孔性能。考察了蜂窝陶瓷载体负载催化剂后选择性催化还原(SCR)NO的活性,结果负载催化剂后的载体21a的在300℃时NO转化率达到最大96.5%。     

Securing water for wetland conservation: a comparative analysis of policy options to protect a national nature reserve in China

This study evaluates four policy options to secure the water supply needed for wetland conservation in Qixinghe--a national wetland nature reserve in China--using four criteria: cost effectiveness, probability of success in achieving the water-saving goal, political feasibility, and farmer acceptance. This multi-criteria analysis framework reveals the ecological, economic, and socio-political trade-offs for policymakers when choosing among the four policy options. Results suggest that upgrading irrigation infrastructure in the area surrounding the wetland (Option I) is the most politically feasible option, but it is the second best option in terms of cost effectiveness. Constructing a dam to store and control floodwater (Option II) is the most reliable for achieving the water-saving goal. It is also the farmers' most favored strategy. But this option is the least cost effective and receives little support from local governments. Promoting farmers' adoption of water-saving practices (Option III) is the most cost effective, but it is less reliable for achieving the water-saving goal than Options I or II. Converting paddy crops to dry-land crops (Option IV) is politically infeasible and least reliable for achieving the water-saving goal. The overall ranking of the four options is determined using the policymakers' revealed weights on the four criteria. Option I is ranked first, followed by Options II, III, and IV.