全文获取类型
收费全文 | 18997篇 |
免费 | 412篇 |
国内免费 | 979篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 741篇 |
废物处理 | 754篇 |
环保管理 | 2500篇 |
综合类 | 4158篇 |
基础理论 | 4844篇 |
环境理论 | 4篇 |
污染及防治 | 5010篇 |
评价与监测 | 1141篇 |
社会与环境 | 982篇 |
灾害及防治 | 254篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 132篇 |
2022年 | 272篇 |
2021年 | 297篇 |
2020年 | 289篇 |
2019年 | 265篇 |
2018年 | 342篇 |
2017年 | 368篇 |
2016年 | 512篇 |
2015年 | 433篇 |
2014年 | 542篇 |
2013年 | 1554篇 |
2012年 | 694篇 |
2011年 | 896篇 |
2010年 | 741篇 |
2009年 | 674篇 |
2008年 | 866篇 |
2007年 | 841篇 |
2006年 | 780篇 |
2005年 | 621篇 |
2004年 | 664篇 |
2003年 | 591篇 |
2002年 | 539篇 |
2001年 | 740篇 |
2000年 | 517篇 |
1999年 | 324篇 |
1998年 | 283篇 |
1997年 | 242篇 |
1996年 | 239篇 |
1995年 | 273篇 |
1994年 | 289篇 |
1993年 | 233篇 |
1992年 | 258篇 |
1991年 | 229篇 |
1990年 | 256篇 |
1989年 | 242篇 |
1988年 | 195篇 |
1987年 | 175篇 |
1986年 | 159篇 |
1985年 | 168篇 |
1984年 | 192篇 |
1983年 | 181篇 |
1982年 | 185篇 |
1981年 | 179篇 |
1980年 | 137篇 |
1979年 | 153篇 |
1978年 | 131篇 |
1977年 | 117篇 |
1975年 | 119篇 |
1974年 | 115篇 |
1972年 | 133篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
361.
J.D. Nixon D.G. Wright P.K. Dey S.K. Ghosh P.A. Davies 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2013,33(11):2234-2244
The uptake in Europe of Energy from Waste (EfW) incinerator plants has increased rapidly in recent years. In the UK, 25 municipal waste incinerators with energy recovery are now in operation; however, their waste supply chains and business practices vary significantly. With over a hundred more plant developments being considered it is important to establish best business practices for ensuring efficient environmental and operational performance. By reviewing the 25 plants we identify four suitable case study plants to compare technologies (moving grate, fluidised bed and rotary kiln), plant economics and operations. Using data collected from annual reports and through interviews and site visits we provide recommendations for improving the supply chain for waste incinerators and highlight the current issues and challenges faced by the industry. We find that plants using moving grate have a high availability of 87–92%. However, compared to the fluidised bed and rotary kiln, quantities of bottom ash and emissions of hydrogen chloride and carbon monoxide are high. The uptake of integrated recycling practices, combined heat and power, and post incineration non-ferrous metal collections needs to be increased among EfW incinerators in the UK. We conclude that one of the major difficulties encountered by waste facilities is the appropriate selection of technology, capacity, site, waste suppliers and heat consumers. This study will be of particular value to EfW plant developers, government authorities and researchers working within the sector of waste management. 相似文献
362.
363.
Circular economy (CE), with its basic principle of Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle, has been determined as the key strategy for the national development plan by the Chinese government. Given the economy-wide material flow analysis (EW-MFA) that leaves the inner flow of resource reutilisation unidentified, the reutilisation-extended EW-MFA is first introduced to evaluate and analyse the material input, solid waste generation, and reutilisation simultaneously. The total amount of comprehensive reutilisation (CR) is divided into three sub-flows, namely, reutilisation, recycle, and reuse. Thus, this model is used to investigate the resource CR in China from 2000 to 2010. China’s total amount of CR and its sub-flows, as well as the CR rate, remain to have a general upward trend. By the year 2010, about 60% of the overall solid waste generation had already been reutilised, and more than 20% of the total resource requirement was reutilised resource. Moreover, the growth patterns of the CR sub flows show different characteristics.Interpretations of resource reutilisation-related laws and regulations of CE and the corresponding policy suggestions are proposed based on the results. 相似文献
364.
Chao Jin Bingqing Liang Jingxin Li Fang Li 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2013,21(4):1088-1099
This work was aimed at researching the aerobic biodegradation of poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO), a novel kind of degradable polymer material, by simulating real-life conditions in a laboratory-scale test, specified by the standard methods based on two biodegradation environments, composting and aqueous media. To measure and describe the biodegradability of PPDO, not only had carbon dioxide produced by respiratory metabolism of microorganism been measured, which determines the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of chemical compounds, but also the detailed results of biodegradation were further characterized by monitoring physical, chemical and thermal properties changes of test materials at different incubation times in the two media, confirmed by using the appropriate analytical techniques. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the surface morphology, and the thermal performance of PPDO was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry. The changes of molecular weight were detected by intrinsic viscosity ([η]) and gel permeation chromatography, and the variations of the molecular structure were monitored by the nuclear magnetic resonance and FT-IR. The results show that PPDO has outstanding character of biodegradation and may be more adapted for biodegrading in liquid medium than in composting. 相似文献
365.
K.H. Roucoux I.T. Lawson T.R. Baker D. Del Castillo Torres F.C. Draper O. Lähteenoja M.P. Gilmore E.N. Honorio Coronado T.J. Kelly E.T.A. Mitchard C.F. Vriesendorp 《Conservation biology》2017,31(6):1283-1292
Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development. 相似文献
366.
为应对山区液体管道在投产过程中可能出现的气阻、超压问题,从气相运移角度出发,建立液顶气模型,研究在1个U型单元内积气形成、压缩和破碎的全过程,在此基础上,提出连接各个U型单元的气相的传递函数,探讨背压累积因素下,连续起伏管道投产过程中各个U型管段的积气情况和压力的变化,进行动态的建模和计算.以国内某原油管道的现场投产数... 相似文献
367.
We examined the vertical distributions of scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) veligers in deep (0.6 m diameter, 9.5 m deep) polyethylene mesocosms from December 1991 to January 1992. In the mesocosms
temperature stratification varied from 0 to 1.5 °C. Profiles of vertical distribution revealed several repeated patterns.
Peaks in veliger numbers often appeared at the water surface and just above the thermocline. Higher density patches were seen
below the surface peaks, and revealed the presence of bio-convective cells. Distribution away from these discontinuities was
usually even. Distribution of veligers was affected by thermoclines above 1.0 °C. Responses to thermoclines varied with larval
age and time of day, and 28 to 30 d veligers passed in both directions through a 1.5 °C thermocline. We conclude that larval
behaviour is a major determinant of whether veligers pass through a thermocline. Kinematic viscosity may play a role in perception
of temperature changes. Two potential consequences of such behaviour are (1) remaining in more productive upper water layers,
where feeding opportunities are enhanced, and (2) increased horizontal transport in the region of the thermocline, which may
enhance recruitment.
Received: 15 May 1996 / Accepted: 11 May 2000 相似文献
368.
The influence of wave exposure and of tidal height on mussel (Perna perna Linnaeus) population structure (size, density, biomass and adult/juvenile correlations) was examined at 18 sites along the
south coast of South Africa. Sites were classified as exposed or sheltered prior to sampling, without reference to the biota,
on the basis of aspect, topography and wave regime. A single set of samples was collected from each site during three spring
tide cycles. Adult mussels on these shores almost always attach directly to the rocks, and layering of mussels is virtually
absent. Shore height always had a strong influence on population structure, but exposure had significant effects only lower
on the shore, and almost exclusively on mussel sizes. Principal component analysis (PCA), based on size distribution data
for each population, revealed a general upshore decrease in the modal size of the adult cohort. The effects of exposure on
size distribution, however, varied with tidal height. PCA separated exposed zones, with larger mussels, from sheltered zones
on the low-shore. Farther upshore the two shore types were increasingly confounded. The maximum size of mussels showed a similar
pattern, with significant differences (ANOVA, p < 0.05) between exposed and sheltered sites only on the low- and mid-shores. Density was calculated from randomly placed
quadrats (i.e. not necessarily from areas of 100% cover) and showed a different pattern. Adult (>15 mm) densities decreased
up the shore, with low-, mid- and high-shore zones being significantly different from one another (ANOVA, p < 0.0001; followed by multiple range tests). However, exposure had no significant effect on density, nor was there a significant
interaction with zone. Recruit (<15 mm) densities were positively correlated with adult (>15 mm) densities in all zones and
for both exposure regimes ( p < 0.05 in all cases), but there was considerable variability and extremely low predictability in these relationships (r
2 generally <0.2). Predictability tended to be greater towards the high-shore, where adults were more clumped. As with density,
biomass was not affected by exposure, but decreased upshore as mean size and density decreased. A reduction in the influence
of exposure farther upshore may be caused by greater emersion overriding the effects of exposure. The presence of free space
within mussel beds and significant correlations between recruit and adult densities suggest that these mussel populations
are recruit limited.
Received: 7 January 2000 / Accepted: 6 July 2000 相似文献
369.
Y. Nassiri P. S. Rainbow C. Amiard-Triquet F. Rainglet B. D. Smith 《Marine Biology》2000,136(3):477-484
The talitrid amphipod crustacean Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas) was collected from metal-contaminated (Dulas Bay, Gironde) and control (Millport) sites in the UK and France. Irrespective
of site of origin, the amphipods showed the same physiological mechanism of trace-metal detoxification, involving the ventral
caeca. Copper was always present in lysosomal residual bodies in the ventral caeca. Following laboratory exposure to zinc
and cadmium, the lysosomes usually contained both copper and zinc but cadmium was not detectable. The lysosomal copper concentration
is positively correlated to that of sulphur, while the concentration of lysosomal zinc is related to that of phosphorus. Results
are interpreted in terms of the differential rates of turnover of metallothioneins chelating copper, zinc or cadmium.
Received: 9 February 1999 / Accepted: 2 December 1999 相似文献
370.
Effects of Land-Cover Changes on Mammals in a Neotropical Region: a Modeling Approach 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Alfredo D. Cuarón 《Conservation biology》2000,14(6):1676-1692