Retention equations of nonionic organic chemicals in soil column chromatography with methanol-water eluents

Research efforts dealing with chemical transportation in soils are needed to prevent damage to ground water. Methanol-containing solvents can increase the translocation of nonionic organic chemicals (NOCs). In this study, a general log-linear retention equation, log k' = log k'w - Sphi (Eq. [1]), was developed to describe the mobilities of NOCs in soil column chromatography (SCC). The term phi denotes the volume fraction of methanol in eluent, k' is the capacity factor of a solute at a certain phi value, and log k'w and -S are the intercept and slope of the log k' vs. phi plot. Two reference soils (GSE 17204 and GSE 17205) were used as packing materials, and were eluted by isocratic methanol-water mixtures. A model of linear solvation energy relationships (LSER) was applied to analyze the k' from molecular interactions. The most important factor determining the transportation was found to be the solute hydrophobic partition in soils, and the second-most important factor was the solute hydrogen-bond basicity (hydrogen-bond accepting ability), while the less important factor was the solute dipolarity-polarizability. The solute hydrogen-bond acidity (hydrogen-bond donating ability) was statistically unimportant and deletable. From the LSER model, one could also obtain Eq. [1]. The experimental k' data of 121 NOCs can be accurately explained by Eq. [1]. The equation is promising to estimate the solute mobility in pure water by extrapolating from lower-capacity factors obtained in methanol-water mixed eluents.     

Spatial and temporal organic and heavy metal pollution at Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve,Hong Kong

An intensive monthly sampling of water and sediments from 12 sites over 8 months covering wet and dry seasons at Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve was conducted during June 1997-February 1998. Major organic (C, N and P) and heavy metal pollutants (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) water and sediment samples were examined. The results showed that Mai Po Marshes were severely polluted by organic matter and heavy metals, and the water from Deep Bay appeared to be the source of pollution. Up to 13-55% chance that the sediments of Mai Po Marshes were classified as moderately to seriously metal contaminated materials, according to the guideline set by Hong Kong Government. Empirical models describing organic matter and heavy metal spatial and seasonal dynamics in the water and sediments were formulated, based on data analysis. During wet season (June-October), more than 58% variations of total P can be explained by ortho-P in water, while ammonia-N explained up to 90% variations of total Kjeldahl nitrogen in water. Throughout the whole sampling period (June-February), there were significant correlations (p<0.01) between total organic C in water. pH in the sediments and salinity in water appeared to be important factors determining heavy metal mobility in sediments, while potential metal release from the sediments is a concern when any oxidizing processes such as flooding or dredging are imposed on sediments.     

油污土壤生物修复实验研究

为了有效预防和治理因石油开采、运输等造成的土壤污染,对大庆地区油污土壤进行了生物修复的实验研究,通过室内盆栽模拟实验,对芦苇和香蒲根际土壤的石油类污染物总含量、石油烃类组分浓度、非烃组分浓度进行了测定。结果表明,芦苇和香蒲对石油类污染物具有比较明显的降解作用,可以使被污染土壤中的某些油污成分逐渐被选择性消耗。实验还可看出,芦苇和香蒲对石油类污染物中正构烷烃的降解能力高于非正构烃。总体看,芦苇对石油类污染物的降解能力强于香蒲,但芦苇对非正构烃的降解能力略逊于香蒲。     

公路黄土路堑高边坡植物防护研究

首先根据大量现场调查资料,归纳出了黄土路堑高边坡的8类地质结构模型和坡面破坏类型;再根据公路工程地质分区,并结合边坡地质结构模型,提出了黄土地区公路路堑高边坡植物防护的基本原则;最后,在保证边坡整体稳定的合理坡型的基础上,提出了公路黄土路堑高边坡植物防护技术方案。     

城市灾害对城市土地利用的影响

随着城市的不断扩张，对城市土地利用的需求量也在不断增加。地震、火灾、风灾、地质破坏是现代城市的主要灾害，城市灾害在一定程度上制约着土地利用的类型。充分运用GIS的空间分析功能，研究了城市灾害对城市土地利用的影响，所得结果可为城市土地利用规划提供辅助决策参考。     

一种机(针)织物与非织造布网络互穿复合材料的研究

本文主要对机织物与非织造布复合材料的网络互穿结构进行了描述,并从材料选择、单体试制、复合工艺方面进行了实践,研制出了较高透气性能和剥离强度的复合材料。     

基于道化学法的大型合成氨装置安全评价

根据道化学公司火灾、爆炸危险指数的基本原理。用VH6．0开发的安全评价软件DowSE1．0，对某大型合成氨装置进行安全评价，得出其安全措施补偿前后的火灾、爆炸指数F＆EI以及危险暴露面积，危害系数，危险等级，实际可能财产损失程度等指数。结果表明。合成氨装置中实际最大可能财产损失值都没有超过200万美元，气化系统在合成氨装置中实际最大可能财产损失值占损失替换值比例高达53％，超过了10％的相对危险值界限。说明在引进国外技术时应注重其安全防范配套措施消化吸收，并结合实际采取切实可行的安全措施，降低合成氨装置的风险程度。     

Planar detonation structure for chain-branching kinetics with large activation energy and small initiation rate

The structure of the steady planar detonation wave is analyzed for three-step chain-branching kinetics consistent with hydrogen–air chemistry. The initiation and chain-branching steps are described by an Arrhenius rate. Both are thermally neutral, so that heat release is due to termination. The initiation rate is typically very low and very stiff. As a result, a small fraction of the reactant is consumed in the initiation region, which is very long but ends in an exponential chain-branching explosion. Next, the reactant is rapidly converted into chain-branching radicals, within a very thin zone, which ends when the concentration of the chain-branching radical reaches a peak, because of reactant depletion. Finally, the termination step consumes the chain-branching radicals and releases heat within a region thicker than the peak zone, but much thinner than the initiation region. The analysis is based upon two assumptions: that the chain-branching activation energy is high and that initiation is slow. The structure of the initiation and chain-branching zones is different for post-shock states within or outside the explosion region in the chain-branching diagram. In the former situation, chain-branching is already stronger than termination at the von Neumann point, and vice versa. In the no-explosion case, the initiation zone becomes very long, while the little chain-branching specie produced by initiation is directly converted into product by the termination step. Temperature increases slowly until reaching the explosion curve, when chain-branching becomes stronger than termination. The subsequent structure is similar to the explosion case.     

A DYNAMIC MODEL FOR WATER AND RELATED LAND RESOURCE PLANNING1

ABSTRACT. Planning an optimal system of activities for generating economic goods and services within an existing natural resource capacity is a difficult problem to solve. A mathematical programming model with the capacity to check multiple resource demand and supply compatibility over many time periods was developed for the solution to this type of problem. The characteristics of natural resource supply and the demand of activities were utilized to reduce the number of time periods and to minimize the loss of the dynamic reality of the problem. Reduction in the number of time periods extended the capability of the model to the solution of complex resource planning problems without oversimplification.     

Trace monitoring of water-borne phenolics in the Klang River Basin

The Klang River Basin is located in the most densely populated region in Malaysia, with its heavy concentration of industries and population. A systematic study of the pollution to this river system caused by phenolic compounds have been carried out under this project. Analyses of water samples from the Klang River by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an ultraviolet (UV) detector at 280 nm have shown the presence of some priority phenolic pollutants.