异养与硫自养反硝化协同处理高硝氮废水特性研究

在异养反硝化反应器中添加单质硫,实现硫自养与异养反硝化联合处理NO_3~-废水,探讨异养和硫自养反硝化协同过程中的p H恒定及污泥减量化的特性.结果表明,硫自养反硝化菌在异养反硝化反应器内能够实现快速生长.经过65d的运行,控制进水TOC/N为0.65~0.75时,协同反硝化在无额外碱添加的情况下,厌氧反硝化产生的碱度满足自养反硝化的需求;运行至116d时,协同反硝化的总氮去除率为85%以上,脱氮效能稳定在2.5 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).通过与完全异养反硝化相比,协同反硝化的污泥产量仅为完全异养反硝化的60%,极大地降低了污泥产量.但是利用协同自养反硝化处理高浓度NO_3~--N废水时,存在NO_2~--N累积的现象,即使是最终稳定期也有20 mg·L~(-1),需进行深度处理.     

膜-复合式生物反应器组合系统操作条件及稳定运行特性

对膜－复合式生物反应器的操作条件和稳定运行特性进行研究。采用平板式聚丙烯腈超滤膜进行实验,适宜操作压力为０．１５ＭＰａ,适宜膜面流速１．４－１．７ｍ／ｓ,ＨＲＴ至少可以控制在４ｈ,悬浮污泥浓度是影响膜通透量的重要因素之一,适宜值为２－２．５ｇ／Ｌ左右。     

Ambient levels of atmospheric carbonyls in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games

The measurements of atmospheric carbonyls concentrations in Beijing were conducted from 12 July to 8 October, 2008, covering the periods of the 2008 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games. Six carbonyls, including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, butyraldehyde, valeraldehyde, and hexaldehyde, were identified in all air samples. The total average concentrations of these carbonyls before, during, and after traffic restriction were (48.1 ± 15.2), (36.6 ± 14.5) and (23.4 ± 12.3) μg/m3, respectively. Compared with the period after traffic restriction, the distinct high concentrations of the carbonyls before and during traffic restriction were primarily ascribed to the remarkable contribution of photochemical reactions. With respect to our previous investigation in the summer of 2005, the reductions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone during traffic restriction period were about 64%, 47% and 27%, respectively, indicating that the air cleaning actions adopted by the Chinese government for the two games were efficient. The lowest levels of atmospheric carbonyls and the extremely high composition proportion of acetone after the traffic restriction were mainly attributed to the long-term effect of the control measures for the two games.     

壬基酚在污灌土壤中吸附行为研究

采用序批式室内实验研究了壬基酚(NP)在污灌土壤中的吸附行为,同时探讨了壬基酚在土壤中吸附行为的影响因素,包括pH、离子强度、黑炭和矿物质.水溶液中NP检测方法为液液萃取-高效液相方法(LLE-HPLC).研究结果表明,土壤中有机质含量在吸附过程中起决定作用,土壤自身矿物组成成分对NP吸附行为具有一定影响.NP在土壤中吸附反应6h后达到平衡,吸附动力学都符合准二级线性模式;吸附等温线符合线性模式.壬基酚在污灌和清灌土壤中有机质吸附系数(Koc)分别为3.1×104 L·kg-1和3.2 ×104 L·kg-1,在土壤中很难移动.pH改变对壬基酚在土壤中吸附行为影响程度要高于离子强度,碱性条件下影响结果更为显著.NP在土壤黑炭和矿物质中吸附行为均符合线性模式,分配系数都有所下降.     

Robust magnetic laccase-mimicking nanozyme for oxidizing o-phenylenediamine and removing phenolic pollutants

In this study, we report a novel magnetic biomimetic nanozyme(Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP(guanosine5′-monophosphate)) with high laccase-like activity, which could oxidize toxic ophenylenediamine(OPD) and remove phenolic compounds.The magnetic laccase-like nanozyme was readily obtained via complexed Cu~(2+)and GMP that grew on the surface of magnetic Fe_3O_4 nanoparticles.The prepared Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP catalyst could be magnetically recycled for at least five cycles while still retaining above 70% activity.As a laccase mimic,Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP had more activity and robust stability than natural laccase for the oxidization of OPD.Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP retained about 90% residual activity at 90℃ and showed little change at pH 3–9, and the nanozyme kept its excellent activity after long-term storage.Meanwhile, Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP had better activity for removing phenolic compounds, and the removal of naphthol was more than 95%.Consequently, the proposed Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP nanozyme shows potential for use as a robust catalyst for applications in environmental remediation.     

汾渭平原吸收性气溶胶时空演化及潜在源区分析

在绿色发展理念的带动下,全国多地的空气质量逐渐改善,但汾渭平原大气污染程度逐年走高,颗粒物污染尤为严重.利用OMI/Aura OMAERUV L2气溶胶数据集和PM_2.5站点数据,采用空间自相关分析及后向轨迹模型等方法,探索2005~2019年汾渭平原吸收性气溶胶的时空演化过程,揭示其高值极主导类型以及污染物传输路径和潜在源区.结果表明：①2005~2019年汾渭平原吸收性气溶胶指数（absorbing aerosol index,AAI）年均值波动上升,2006、2013和2017年为汾渭平原AAI高值转折点,年均值均大于0.63;西安和临汾AAI空间稳定性较差为高高聚集极点,在15年间高高聚集区域面积增长15.3%,空间分布更加集中,形成由西安和临汾两极相连的条带状分布区域,占区域总面积的24.2%;低低聚集区域面积锐减6.2%,转变为无特征区域.②汾渭平原AAI冬季数值最高、覆盖区域最广,在临汾极和西安极突破0.8,研究区AAI大于0.6的区域占比91.5%,其次为春季（AAI>0.4）、秋季（AAI>0.3）,夏季全境低值.汾渭平原AAI高值受大气扩散条件、气温和降水量变化影响显著.③利用后向轨迹和潜在源贡献模型得出西安极和临汾极污染物的远距离输送气团来自西北方向,近距离输送气团来自偏东和偏南方向,结合源区下垫面类型确定两个远距离沙尘传输源区（西北风源、北风源）、两个碳质源区（东风源和南风源）和一个沙尘和碳质共同作用源区（黄土高原源）.其中西北风源、黄土高原源和南风源对西安极影响显著,东风源和黄土高原源对临汾极影响显著,临汾极虽受一定程度西北风源和北风源沙尘影响,但影响较小,结合CO空间分布和其与AAI相关性系数的空间分布得出,临汾极吸收性气溶胶为碳质主导,西安极为沙尘和碳质共同作用.     

有效微生物(EM)处理食品废水的试验研究

针对有效微生物群(EM)中含有好氧和厌氧微生物的特点,采用SBR反应器,进行了用EM处理食品废水的试验研究.结果表明,当进水COD_Cr为2 000～4 000 mg/L,pH为5.5～6.5时,向废水中投加0.5%～0.7%的EM复壮液,曝气12 h,沉淀10 h,COD_Cr的质量浓度可降为700～2 000 mg/L,COD_Cr去除率可达83.0%.      

基于指标模糊权和协调性下的地下水水质评价模型构建及应用

在地下水质量标准中,各指标权重的选择与权重的内涵存在着不确定性;同一指标的分级界点值差异显著,近似地呈现几何级数变化。基于以上这两种情况,构建基于指标模糊权和协调性下的地下水水质评价模型。应用层次分析法和专家调查9标度法确定指标的相对权重,结合贝塔系数计算出指标的模糊权重。对评价标准及待评价地下水水质监测值进行对数变换,采用距离测度法来构造隶属函数,并对其进行求余,按最大隶属原则来评判地下水质量等级。应用此模型对徐州市的重要水源地——张集地下水水质进行评价。结果表明:研究区的20个采样点水质为Ⅱ、Ⅲ级的占90%,符合饮用水的要求。与投影寻踪法的评价结果基本一致。     

宁夏总量减排与环境质量改善的相关性分析

利用SPSS统计软件分析宁夏“十一五”期间主要污染物总量控制指标与环境质量数据的关联程度,并建立回归模型.结果表明:宁夏总量减排与环境质量改善存在高度关联,拟合曲线均为一元线性回归曲线.随着SO2排放总量降低,重点城市空气质量稳步改善,两者呈现同向变化的趋势;随着COD排放总量降低,黄河宁夏段水环境质量稳步改善,两者亦呈现同向变化的趋势.宁夏总量减排在环境质量改善上成效已显现,污染防治政策较为成功,环保成绩显著.