Estimation methods and monitoring network issues in the quantitative estimation of land-based COD and TN loads entering the sea: a case study in Qingdao City,China

At present, the monitoring network of China cannot provide sufficient data to estimate land-based pollutant loads that enter the sea, and estimation methods are imprecisely used. In this study, the selection of monitoring stations, monitoring frequency, and pollutant load estimation methods was studied in Qingdao City, a typical coastal city in China, taken as an example. Land-based pollutant loads from Qingdao were estimated, and load distribution, density, and composition were analyzed to identify the key pollution source regions (SRs) that need to be monitored and controlled. Results show that the administrative land area of Qingdao can be divided into 25 sea-sink source regions (SSRs). A total of 14 more rivers and 62 industrial enterprises should be monitored to determine the comprehensive pollutant loads of the city. Furthermore, the monitoring frequency of rivers should not be less than three times/year; a monitoring frequency of five or more times is preferable. The findings on pollutant load estimation with the use of different estimation methods substantially vary; estimation results with the use of ratio-based methods were 10 and 22 % higher than those with the use of monitoring-based methods in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN), respectively. None-point sources contributed the majority of the pollutant loads at about 70 % of the total COD and 60 % of the total TN.     

等离子体协同金属氧化物催化氧化苯的研究

以Al2O3和Ag/Al2O3为催化剂,采用介质阻挡放电(DBD)反应器降解空气中低浓度的苯(C6H6),重点考察了苯的转化率、能量效率随能量密度的变化关系.研究发现:苯的氧化产物为一氧化碳(CO)和二氧化碳(CO2),当能量密度为94 J/L时,在催化剂Ag/Al2O3、Al2O3存在以及不使用催化剂的条件下,苯的能量效率分别达到了0.054 mol/kW·h、0.038 mol/kw·h与0.024 mol/kW·h.同时,探讨了国外应用低温等离子体技术处理气体污染物的相关研究成果,并与本研究做了比较.     

环境空气中PM2.5自动监测方法比较及应用

在PM_2.5监测受到日益重视的背景下,对β射线法和微振荡天平法(TEOM)这2种主要的PM_2.5自动监测方法的工作原理和使用情况进行概述,给出了国内现有β射线法和TEOM法的比对测试结果,对今后开展全面系统的PM_2.5自动监测和研究工作提供参考。     

2005—2010年沙尘天气影响我国城市环境空气质量分析

根据2005年建成较完整的环保重点城市空气质量日报监测网后的监测数据,分析2005—2010年期间,影响113个环保重点城市空气质量的沙尘天气过程次数范围在每年5~14次之间,平均每年10次左右,总计59次。在此期间,影响113个重点城市空气质量的沙尘天气过程累计的影响时间总计130 d,平均在每年22 d左右。影响环保重点城市的沙尘天气过程主要集中在3—5月,在部分年份的1—2月、6月和11—12月也有出现。受沙尘天气影响,113个重点城市总共的超标天次平均每年在332 d次左右,每年范围在147~546 d次之间。其中,受沙尘暴天气影响的重污染天次平均每年在40 d次左右,每年范围在14~78 d次之间。受沙尘暴天气影响的超标天和重污染天主要出现在3~5月。近年来沙尘天气对我国尤其是北方地区的影响程度很大。每年沙尘天气过程对我国城市空气质量影响的时间不短,尤其在春季对我国东中部地区城市造成了很严重的影响,近年大范围的沙尘天气过程还影响到了我国东南包括台湾地区和香港澳门地区。     

Profiles,sources, and transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils affected by electronic waste recycling in Longtang,south China

We studied the profiles, possible sources, and transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils from the Longtang area, which is an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling center in south China. The sum of 16 PAH concentrations ranged from 25 to 4,300 ng/g (dry weight basis) in the following order: pond sediment sites (77 ng/g), vegetable fields (129 ng/g), paddy fields (180 ng/g), wastelands (258 ng/g), dismantling sites (678 ng/g), and former open burning sites (2,340 ng/g). Naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene were the dominant PAHs and accounted for approximately 75 % of the total PAHs. The similar composition characteristics of PAHs and the significant correlations among individual, low molecular weight, high molecular weight, and total PAHs were found in all six sampling site types, thus indicating that PAHs originated from similar sources. The results of both isomeric ratios and principal component analyses confirmed that PAHs were mainly derived from the incomplete combustion of e-waste. The former open burning sites and dismantling sites were the main sources of PAHs. Soil samples that were taken closer to the point sources had high PAH concentrations. PAHs are transported via different soil profiles, including those in agricultural fields, and have been detected not only in 0- to 40-cm-deep soil but also in 40 cm to 80 cm-deep soil. PAH concentrations in soils in Longtang have been strongly affected by primitive e-waste recycling, particularly by former open burning activities.     

大气污染影响下凯里植物氮、硫含量分析

对大气污染影响下凯里植物氮、硫质量分数进行测定分析。结果表明:植物的氮质量分数为0.8%～2.8%,平均值为1.5%;硫质量分数为0.4%～1.4%,平均值为0.8%。植物的氮、硫质量分数都高于对照点植物,为对照点植物的1.4倍、1.9倍,表明该区植物已受到了大气污染的影响。不同植物间的氮、硫质量分数差异达到3.5倍和2.5倍。不同类型植物的氮、硫质量分数也存在差异,氮质量分数中:藤本>草本>灌木>乔木,硫质量分数中:藤本>草本>乔木>灌木;落叶植物的氮、硫质量分数>常绿植物的氮、硫质量分数。不同研究点植物的氮、硫质量分数存在差异,均表现为:玻璃厂>火电厂>水泥厂。     

环境污染事故中重金属优先快速监测方法研究

在国内外重金属监测技术的基础上对环境污染事故中重金属（铜、铅、锌、砷、汞、铬、镉）的两种主要快速监测方法进行了研究。研究结果表明：比色法可测试铜、铅、锌、镉、六价铬5种重金属,且精密度与准确度均较好;阳极溶出伏安法（ASV）可测试铜、铅、锌、镉、砷、汞6种重金属,但测定六价铬时偏差较大;除六价铬和铜外,阳极溶出伏安法的测试范围较比色法宽,且检出限较低;阳极溶出伏安法可同时测定镉、铅、铜3种金属,具有较好的适用性。     

河流水环境质量综合评价方法比较研究

提出了对河流水环境质量综合评价方法的基本要求,对水环境质量评价方法的现状进行了研究,并通过对各种方法的 比较,探讨了今后水环境质量综合评价方法的发展方向。     

Emissions of reduced sulphur compounds from the surface of primary and secondary wastewater clarifiers at a Kraft Mill

Emissions of reduced sulphur compounds (RSCs) from the primary and secondary clarifiers at a Kraft mill were measured for respectively 8 and 22 days using a floating flux chamber. In the primary clarifier, dimethyl disulphide (DMDS) had the highest mean flux (0.83 microg s(-1) m(-2)) among all RSCs, and the mean flux of total reduced sulphur (TRS) was 1.53 microg s(-1) m(-2). At the secondary clarifier, dimethyl sulphide (DMS) had the highest mean flux (0.024 microg s(-1) m(-2)), and the mean flux of total reduced sulphur (TRS) was 0.025 microg s(-1) m(-2). Large variations in fluxes as a function of sampling date were observed in both clarifiers. Emission fluxes of DMS from the secondary clarifier were correlated with temperature in the flux chamber and with the biological and chemical oxygen demands (BOD and COD) of the wastewater. Emission rates of RSCs from the clarifiers were found to be insignificant by comparison with other mill sources.     

HPLC-FLD测定水中联苯胺的方法研究

探讨了利用液相色谱分离,荧光检测器测定地表水中联苯胺的可行性。前处理方法对比验证了液液萃取法和固相萃取法。水样在碱性条件下(pH=11~12)进行提取,当提取体积为1.0 L时,液液萃取液相色谱荧光法检测,方法检出限为1.4 ng/L,定量下限为5.5 ng/L;固相萃取液相色谱荧光法检测,方法检出限为0.9 ng/L,定量下限为3.6 ng/L。分别对地表水、生活废水、工业废水3种不同水体进行基体加标试验,加标浓度为10.0、40.0、80.0 ng/L。结果显示,对于3种不同基体和不同加标浓度的水样,两种方法均有较好的准确性和重现性,方法回收率为80%~120%,相对标准偏差均小于20%,满足《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中对联苯胺的监测需求。