厌氧折流内循环反应器(ABIC)处理木薯淀粉废水试验

对自主研发的厌氧折流内循环反应器(anaerobic baffled internal circulation,ABIC)处理木薯淀粉废水的运行特性进行研究,结果表明:ABIC在水力停留时间为20~24 h、进水ρ(COD)为3 000~15 000 mg/L、有机负荷为3.0~20.0kg/(m3·d)时COD去除率均高于80.0%,最高可达91.2%。ABIC对进水负荷的冲击具有良好耐受能力,最大可承受的容积负荷VLR为26.0 kg/(m3·d),运行稳定。反应器重新启动耗时较短,对处理木薯淀粉季节性生产废水有利。     

三丁基锡对正常人胚胎羊膜细胞凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响

首次采用蛋白质印迹法研究三丁基锡(tributyltin,TBT)对正常人胚胎羊膜细胞FL(human amniotic cells)的Bcl-2、Bax和p53表达的影响.结果显示,在0、1、2、3、4μmol·L-1三丁基锡下作用2 h后,FL细胞的Bax蛋白表达量随浓度增加逐渐升高,Bcl-2蛋白表达量仅在3、4μmol·L-1浓度组相比于对照组明显下降.作为凋亡是否发生的决定因素,Bax/Bcl-2比值在三丁基锡高浓度组(3、4μmol·L-1)相比于对照有显著升高;而p53蛋白表达量没有明显变化.研究表明,Bcl-2和Bax参与了TBT诱导的细胞凋亡.     

利用电动修复技术原位氧化去除黑臭底泥还原性污染物的室内模拟实验

城市河道底泥致黑臭多污染物的同步耦合去除是当前研究的热点。为实现河道底泥致黑臭污染物的同步去除,采用电动修复技术开展了氧化去除黑臭底泥硫化物、亚铁和氨氮等还原性污染物的室内模拟实验。实验结果表明:在单向通电(1.5 V·cm~(-1))10 d后,阳极区对底泥硫化物(AVS)、亚铁有明显的氧化效果,去除率分别达到59.51%和79.41%,但阴极的去除效果不明显;阳极区和阴极区均对间隙水氨氮有明显的去除效果,去除率分别为56.5%和73.9%。在氧化过程中,阳极和阴极出现明显的酸化和碱化现象,而这种两极酸碱化可以通过周期性切换电极的方式加以避免。在电极切换频率为1、2.5和5 d·次~(-1)时,对黑臭物质的氧化效果差别明显;在切换频率为5 d·次~(-1)时,对硫化物、亚铁氧化去除效果最好;在切换频率为2.5 d·次~(-1)时,对氨氮去除效果最佳。硫化物、亚铁、氨氮最大去除率可分别达到76.19%,72.48%和88.57%。由此可见,电动修复可以同步去除底泥中的致黑臭污染物质,改善水体水质,但其去除率有待进一步优化提高。     

基于主成分分析法的辽河水体中溶解性金属来源分析

在测定辽河水体中几种主要的溶解性金属(包括7种重金属)的含量和分析其空间分布特征的基础上,运用主成分分析(PCA)法分析了金属的可能来源。结果表明,辽河水体中溶解性金属的平均浓度为Al>Cu>Zn>Cr>Hg>As>Pb>Cd,与欧美发达国家的主要水体相比,辽河水体的金属污染状况总体较重;辽河水体中溶解性金属的污染来源主要分两类:农业面源和工业废水污染源,工业综合污染源;根据主成分得分系数可知,采样点2(通江口)、3(三合屯)、7(朱尔山)的金属污染主要来源于农业面源和工业废水污染源;采样点6(药王庙)的金属污染主要来源于工业综合污染源;基于PCA法的金属来源分析对辽河流域水体金属污染治理对策的制定有着重要的指导意义。     

微波活化法制备加拿大一枝黄花活性炭及其性能表征

利用入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花为原料,采用在400℃氮气保护下,直接碳化90 min后,选择KOH为活化剂,微波活化的方法制备活性炭.研究了不同的KOH/C比值、微波功率及活化时间对活性炭吸附量及产率的影响.结果表明,最优活化条件为碱碳比2g/g、微波功率700w及微波辐射6 min,此时活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值、碘吸附值、...     

菇渣作为有机栽培基质好氧改性的实验

研究分别以珍珠岩、菌种、猪粪作为添加料,对菇渣静态垛好氧发酵效果的影响。结果表明,菇渣+猪粪处理50℃以上的高温维持时间更长,挥发性固体(VS)和C/N下降幅度更高,有利于菇渣好氧发酵达到腐熟的状态。堆体内温度出现层次效应,高温发酵阶段下层温度高于中层温度,稳定阶段中层温度高于下层,堆体上层温度始终低于中下层。     

基于数字包络分析的中国节能减排视在潜力分析方法研究

节能减排视在潜力(AP-ESER)能够有效反映一个地区节能减排的可达性,并为政策研发提供重要支撑。根据中国节能减排工作的开展现状及相关数据的可获得性,构建了基于数据包络分析(DEA)的AP-ESER分析方法,并选用本土化的指标体系,采集2010年中国30个省(市、区)的相关数据展开了实证研究,从能源投入、产业结构投入、劳动力投入和SO2排放4个维度深入探讨了各省(市、区)在不同维度上的AP-ESER水平。结果表明,各地的AP-ESER综合水平差异很大,且各维度指标的优劣势也差异明显。采用地理信息系统(GIS)空间标示法和雷达图示法来可视化表达分析结果,可更好地发挥指导作用。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of Hangzhou: status,distribution, sources,and potential risk

Concentration, composition profile, spatial distribution, sources, and health risk of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in 69 surface soil samples collected from Hangzhou urban districts. ∑PAHs ranged from 180.77 to 1,981.45 μg kg^?1 with a mean of 611.28 μg kg^?1. Among different functional areas, a higher level of PAHs was found in the roadsides, followed by commercial districts, residential areas, parks, and greenbelts. The composition of PAHs was characterized by high molecular weight PAHs (4?~?6 rings). Principal component analysis (PCA) and PAH isomeric ratios indicated that PAHs mainly originated from combustion, especially vehicle exhaust. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) associated with exposures to PAHs in soil were calculated separately for children and adults under normal and extreme conditions. The results showed that ILCRs for urban soil of Hangzhou were acceptable. However, attentions should be attracted on the sites of high PAH concentrations because the ILCRs were closed to 10^?4 under extreme conditions, especially for children.     

Determination of road dust loadings and chemical characteristics using resuspension

The contribution of fugitive dust from traffic to air pollution can no longer be ignored in China. In order to obtain the road dust loadings and to understand the chemical characteristics of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 from typical road dust, different paved roads in eight districts of Beijing were selected for dust collection during the four seasons of 2005. Ninety-eight samples from 28 roads were obtained. The samples were resuspended using equipment assembled to simulate the rising process of road dust caused by the wind or wheels in order to obtain the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 filter samples. The average road dust loading was 3.82 g m^− 2, with the highest of 24.22 g m^− 2 being in Hutongs in the rural–urban continuum during winter. The road dust loadings on higher-grade roads were lower than those on lower-grade roads. Attention should be paid to the pollution in the rural–urban continuum areas. The sums of element abundances measured were 16.17% and 18.50% for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in road dust. The average abundances of OC and EC in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in road dust were 11.52%, 2.01% and 12.50%, 2.06%, respectively. The abundance of elements, water-soluble ions, and OC, EC in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 resuspended from road dust did not change greatly with seasons and road types. The soil dust, construction dust, dust emitted from burning coal, vehicle exhaust, and deposition of particles in the air were the main sources of road dust in Beijing. Affected by the application of snow-melting agents in Beijing during winter, the amount of Cl⁻ and Na⁺ was much higher during that time than in the other seasons. This will have a certain influence on roads, bridges, vegetations, and groundwater.     

Dissipation dynamic and residue distribution of flusilazole in mandarin

In this paper, dissipation dynamic and terminal residue of flusilazole in mandarin and soil, as well as residue distribution of flusilazole in mandarin, were studied at three sites in China. Mandarin peel, mandarin pulp, whole mandarin, and soil samples were extracted by acetonitrile, cleaned up with dispersive solid-phase extraction, then analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The dissipation half-lives of flusilazole in mandarin and soil at all three experiment sites were 6.3–8.4 days and 5.5–13.4 days, respectively, with the exception of the soil dissipation at the Hunan site, which showed an increase–decrease process. Flusilazole residue levels in whole mandarin were all below 0.1 mg/kg on 14 days after the last application. Terminal residue study showed that flusilazole was mostly distributed in mandarin peel, which indicates minimal risk for eating mandarin pulp. These results could provide guidance for the proper and safe use of flusilazole on citrus fruits, and further our understanding of pesticide distribution in citrus fruits.