烧麦秆与大气污染

本文就近３年来成都市周围烧麦杆，油菜秆所引起的大气环境污染的原因，危害加以分析，并提出对策及建议，由于成都市经济的高速发展，周围农村中不再用麦秆和油菜秆作为燃料而全部焚烧作肥料还田，同时由于３月多发生不利于大气污染物扩散的逆温现象及城市热岛效应，造成我市环境空气的严重污染，建议从立法、宣传及爱护资源等方面来改善人们的刑法陋习和加强对成都市大气环境的保护。     

三丁基锡对正常人胚胎羊膜细胞凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响

首次采用蛋白质印迹法研究三丁基锡(tributyltin,TBT)对正常人胚胎羊膜细胞FL(human amniotic cells)的Bcl-2、Bax和p53表达的影响.结果显示,在0、1、2、3、4μmol·L-1三丁基锡下作用2 h后,FL细胞的Bax蛋白表达量随浓度增加逐渐升高,Bcl-2蛋白表达量仅在3、4μmol·L-1浓度组相比于对照组明显下降.作为凋亡是否发生的决定因素,Bax/Bcl-2比值在三丁基锡高浓度组(3、4μmol·L-1)相比于对照有显著升高;而p53蛋白表达量没有明显变化.研究表明,Bcl-2和Bax参与了TBT诱导的细胞凋亡.     

东营市地下水碘化物的空间分布特征及影响分析

为研究东营市地下水碘化物的空间分布特征以及对环境和饮用水安全的影响,对域内的山前平原区和黄泛平原区分别布设了48个和47个调查点位。结果表明:东营市地下水碘化物质量浓度均值达到(0.247±0.263) mg/L,其环境质量呈现由南向北逐步恶化的变化趋势,超过90%的国土面积处于地下水环境质量标准Ⅳ类。山前平原区南部是东营市唯一具备可饮用地下水的区域,域内以适碘地区为主,缺碘地区和高碘地区分别位于区域东南部和第二次海侵古海岸线附近。总体上,可饮用地下水处于中等缺碘水平,海(咸)水入侵已成为影响可饮用地下水适碘地区范围的关键因素,需引起高度关注。地下水所处的环境地质概况、海(咸)水入侵和大气降水是影响碘化物空间分布的重要因素。     

东营市化工聚集区地下水TOC污染空间分布特性

为掌握东营市化工聚集区地下水受有机污染的总体程度,对该市三县两区96个调查点位的地下水TOC进行了监测。结果表明:化工聚集区地下水TOC质量浓度分布范围为1.5~19.6 mg/L,87.5%的数据集中在2~10 mg/L区段,其中2~4 mg/L的区段数据最密集,数据分布呈对数正态分布。受区域内外部因素共同影响,地下水超标率和异常值比率分别达到62.5%和18.8%,且由南向北呈明显上升趋势;存在浓度均值超标和异常突变数据的化工聚集区数量分别占调查总量的75%和62.5%。地下水TOC受环境地质分布影响显著,黄泛平原区比山前平原区污染范围和程度更高;河口区和广饶井罐区分别是东营市和广饶县地下水污染最严重的地区,广饶县西北部是东营市地下水TOC水质最好的地区。     

国内外煤化工行业污染物排放标准研究及启示

系统分析了煤化工行业的产排污情况,梳理了国内外相关排放标准。结果表明:国内仅焦化等部分工序有行业排放标准,其余工序目前执行水或大气的综合排放标准,其污染物项目不能全面反映煤化工行业的污染特征,急需制定煤化工行业污染物排放标准;国外相关标准情况与国内类似,无直接借鉴意义。建议:合理界定煤化工排放标准的适用范围,与其他排放标准协调配套,控制整个行业的污染物排放;针对大气污染物,明确各排放口的特征污染物,结合综合指标和高毒性物质指标进行挥发性有机物的排放控制;针对水污染物,引入综合毒性指标以有效控制废水中有毒有害污染物排放的环境风险。     

利用电动修复技术原位氧化去除黑臭底泥还原性污染物的室内模拟实验

城市河道底泥致黑臭多污染物的同步耦合去除是当前研究的热点。为实现河道底泥致黑臭污染物的同步去除,采用电动修复技术开展了氧化去除黑臭底泥硫化物、亚铁和氨氮等还原性污染物的室内模拟实验。实验结果表明:在单向通电(1.5 V·cm~(-1))10 d后,阳极区对底泥硫化物(AVS)、亚铁有明显的氧化效果,去除率分别达到59.51%和79.41%,但阴极的去除效果不明显;阳极区和阴极区均对间隙水氨氮有明显的去除效果,去除率分别为56.5%和73.9%。在氧化过程中,阳极和阴极出现明显的酸化和碱化现象,而这种两极酸碱化可以通过周期性切换电极的方式加以避免。在电极切换频率为1、2.5和5 d·次~(-1)时,对黑臭物质的氧化效果差别明显;在切换频率为5 d·次~(-1)时,对硫化物、亚铁氧化去除效果最好;在切换频率为2.5 d·次~(-1)时,对氨氮去除效果最佳。硫化物、亚铁、氨氮最大去除率可分别达到76.19%,72.48%和88.57%。由此可见,电动修复可以同步去除底泥中的致黑臭污染物质,改善水体水质,但其去除率有待进一步优化提高。     

Determination of road dust loadings and chemical characteristics using resuspension

The contribution of fugitive dust from traffic to air pollution can no longer be ignored in China. In order to obtain the road dust loadings and to understand the chemical characteristics of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 from typical road dust, different paved roads in eight districts of Beijing were selected for dust collection during the four seasons of 2005. Ninety-eight samples from 28 roads were obtained. The samples were resuspended using equipment assembled to simulate the rising process of road dust caused by the wind or wheels in order to obtain the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 filter samples. The average road dust loading was 3.82 g m^− 2, with the highest of 24.22 g m^− 2 being in Hutongs in the rural–urban continuum during winter. The road dust loadings on higher-grade roads were lower than those on lower-grade roads. Attention should be paid to the pollution in the rural–urban continuum areas. The sums of element abundances measured were 16.17% and 18.50% for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in road dust. The average abundances of OC and EC in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in road dust were 11.52%, 2.01% and 12.50%, 2.06%, respectively. The abundance of elements, water-soluble ions, and OC, EC in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 resuspended from road dust did not change greatly with seasons and road types. The soil dust, construction dust, dust emitted from burning coal, vehicle exhaust, and deposition of particles in the air were the main sources of road dust in Beijing. Affected by the application of snow-melting agents in Beijing during winter, the amount of Cl⁻ and Na⁺ was much higher during that time than in the other seasons. This will have a certain influence on roads, bridges, vegetations, and groundwater.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of Hangzhou: status,distribution, sources,and potential risk

Concentration, composition profile, spatial distribution, sources, and health risk of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in 69 surface soil samples collected from Hangzhou urban districts. ∑PAHs ranged from 180.77 to 1,981.45 μg kg^?1 with a mean of 611.28 μg kg^?1. Among different functional areas, a higher level of PAHs was found in the roadsides, followed by commercial districts, residential areas, parks, and greenbelts. The composition of PAHs was characterized by high molecular weight PAHs (4?~?6 rings). Principal component analysis (PCA) and PAH isomeric ratios indicated that PAHs mainly originated from combustion, especially vehicle exhaust. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) associated with exposures to PAHs in soil were calculated separately for children and adults under normal and extreme conditions. The results showed that ILCRs for urban soil of Hangzhou were acceptable. However, attentions should be attracted on the sites of high PAH concentrations because the ILCRs were closed to 10^?4 under extreme conditions, especially for children.     

Dissipation dynamic and residue distribution of flusilazole in mandarin

In this paper, dissipation dynamic and terminal residue of flusilazole in mandarin and soil, as well as residue distribution of flusilazole in mandarin, were studied at three sites in China. Mandarin peel, mandarin pulp, whole mandarin, and soil samples were extracted by acetonitrile, cleaned up with dispersive solid-phase extraction, then analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The dissipation half-lives of flusilazole in mandarin and soil at all three experiment sites were 6.3–8.4 days and 5.5–13.4 days, respectively, with the exception of the soil dissipation at the Hunan site, which showed an increase–decrease process. Flusilazole residue levels in whole mandarin were all below 0.1 mg/kg on 14 days after the last application. Terminal residue study showed that flusilazole was mostly distributed in mandarin peel, which indicates minimal risk for eating mandarin pulp. These results could provide guidance for the proper and safe use of flusilazole on citrus fruits, and further our understanding of pesticide distribution in citrus fruits.     

菇渣作为有机栽培基质好氧改性的实验

研究分别以珍珠岩、菌种、猪粪作为添加料,对菇渣静态垛好氧发酵效果的影响。结果表明,菇渣+猪粪处理50℃以上的高温维持时间更长,挥发性固体(VS)和C/N下降幅度更高,有利于菇渣好氧发酵达到腐熟的状态。堆体内温度出现层次效应,高温发酵阶段下层温度高于中层温度,稳定阶段中层温度高于下层,堆体上层温度始终低于中下层。