Chlorinated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in riverine and estuarine sediments from Pearl River Delta, China

Spatial distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbons [chlorinated pesticides (CPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)] and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was measured in riverine and estuarine sediment samples from Pearl River Delta, China, collected in 1997. Concentrations of CPs of the riverine sediment samples range from 12 to 158 ng/g, dry weight, while those of PCBs range from 11 to 486 ng/g. The CPs concentrations of the estuarine sediment samples are in the range 6-1658 ng/g, while concentrations of PCBs are in the range 10-339 ng/g. Total PAH concentration ranges from 1168 to 21,329 ng/g in the riverine sediment samples, whereas the PAH concentration ranges from 323 to 14,812 ng/g in the sediment samples of the Estuary. Sediment samples of the Zhujiang River and Macao harbor around the Estuary show the highest concentrations of CPs, PCBs, and PAHs. Possible factors affecting the distribution patterns are also discussed based on the usage history of the chemicals, hydrologic condition, and land erosion due to urbanization processes. The composition of PAHs is investigated and used to assess petrogenic, combustion and naturally derived PAHs of the sediment samples of the Pearl River Delta. In addition, the concentrations of a number of organic compounds of the Pearl River Delta samples indicate that sediments of the Zhujiang river and Macao harbor are most likely to pose biological impairment.     

冬季南京城市大气气溶胶吸湿性观测研究

气溶胶吸湿性不仅影响颗粒物非均相化学反应过程和大气能见度,且对云凝结核形成起决定性作用.本研究运用加湿串联拆分迁移分析仪(H-TDMA)对冬季南京城市大气气溶胶吸湿性进行外场观测研究.结果表明:吸湿增长因子概率分布函数(GF-PDF)呈双峰分布,峰值分别为1.000±0.010(弱吸湿峰)和1.400±0.035(强吸湿峰);在85%相对湿度条件下,不同粒径段(40、80、110、150、200 nm)弱吸湿组粒子数目占比(NFLH)随粒径的增大从40%降低至20%,而强吸湿组粒子数目占比(NFMH)却从60%增加到80%.弱吸湿组GF-PDF离散程度(σLH)在0.04~0.05之间,而强吸湿组GF-PDF离散程度(σMH)0.1,说明强吸湿组粒子化学成分较复杂,外混合程度较高.对比各粒径段气溶胶吸湿性日变化规律发现,平均吸湿增长因子(GFmean)和NFMH均呈双峰特征,峰值分别出现在7:00和17:00左右.受夜晚边界层降低、强吸湿性组分非均相转化生成等影响,GFmean和NFMH夜间数值整体大于白天;受降水等气象条件影响,污染时段所有粒径段气溶胶的GFmean和NFMH均高于清洁时段.     

大水量下快速提取悬浮物的方法研究

针对大量水体中悬浮物的提取,提出了一泵三瓶滤网覆盖抽滤法,该方法是在传统滤膜抽滤法的基础上,在滤膜的下面,增设了一张尼龙滤网,滤网的大小刚好覆盖布氏漏斗的抽滤小孔,并采用一台真空泵带动三个抽滤瓶。实践证明,一泵三瓶滤网覆盖抽滤法的抽滤速度是传统抽滤方法的7倍多,并且能够减少在抽滤过程中由于抽滤时间过长而导致的悬浮物的质量损失。因此,该方法能够大大提高抽滤的效率,缩短抽滤的时间,加快实验的进程,对大范围内的水体监测工作具有重要的现实意义。     

广州市生活饮用水地表水源地微量元素调查

对广州市秀全、巴江、江村、石门、西村、刘屋洲、南洲和沙湾等主要生活饮用水地表水源地中钼、钴、铍、硼、锑、镍、钒、钛、锡、银和钡等微量元素含量水平进行了调查,并采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对微量元素水质进行了评价。结果表明,硼和锡在所有地表水源地均未检出,铍在部分地表水源地有检出,其他检测项目在所有地表水源地均有检出。整体而言,微量元素含量水平不高,地表水源地由北往南微量元素内梅罗指数呈逐渐降低态势,南部水源地水质优于北部水源地。巴江和西部水源地镍含量相对较高,电镀企业排污监管力度有待进一步加强。     

Quantum dots enhance Cu2+-induced hepatic L02 cells toxicity

As a new class of xenogenous nanoparticle,quantum dots (QDs) possess the potential to co-exist with Cu2+ in human liver.The combined toxicity is thus concerned.Considering QDs and Cu2+ are known ROS (reactive oxygen species) inducer,we investigated the combined oxidative stress and corresponding protective strategy using human hepatic L02 cells.The results demonstrated that the presence of a small amount of MPA-CdTe QDs (2 μg/mL) in a Cu2+ solution (2.5-20 μg/mL) resulted in a higher toxicity with up to 8-fold cell viability decrease,which was accompanied by cell morphology changes.The combined toxicity was then confirmed as ROS associated oxidative stress with up to 300% and 35% increase of the intracellular ROS level and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity,respectively.N-acetylcysteine (NAC) can also provide almost complete protection against the induced toxicity.Therefore,the ROS associated oxidant injury might be responsible for the QDs-Cu2+/Cu2+ induced toxicity and could be balanced through cytoprotective antioxidant enzyme GST.     

2013年成都财富论坛期间空气质量状况分析研究

利用2013年5月20日-6月20日成都市区7个环境质量监测站点可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)、细颗粒物(PM_2.5)、SO₂、NO₂、CO和臭氧的实测资料及地面气象观测资料,对成都举办财富全球论坛期间及前后的空气质量变化特征和成因进行分析.结果表明,由于市政府采取交通管制措施,使机动车尾气排放的NO₂浓度与财富论坛前后相比降幅达27.2%;财富论坛期间臭氧前体物质浓度的降低,使地面臭氧日均浓度在相同太阳日辐射值下与财富论坛前后相比较低;对城区扬尘控制和周边重污染企业限产停产,分别对PM₁₀和SO₂的排放起到了明显的削减作用;后向轨迹分析表明市区SO₂浓度累积与来自东南部低空的气团有关.当相对湿度小于60%时颗粒物容易吸湿增长,而当相对湿度大于60%时降雨概率增大,颗粒物容易被清除.综合分析,成都市区财富论坛期间空气质量改善是政府减排举措的有效实施和较好的气象条件共同作用的结果.     

云南洱海沉积物中硫酸盐还原菌的时空分布特征

利用PCR扩增和荧光原位杂交方法分析了云南洱海沉积物中硫酸盐还原菌(Sulfate-reducing bacteria,SRB)类群和数量的时空分布特征。结果表明,秋季沉积物中检测出四个SRB类群(脱硫肠菌属、脱硫叶菌属、脱硫球菌属-脱硫线菌属-脱硫八叠菌属和脱硫弧菌属-脱硫微菌属),而春季沉积物中只检测出三个类群(脱硫肠菌属、脱硫叶菌属和脱硫球菌属-脱硫线菌属-脱硫八叠菌属)。相比春季,秋季沉积物检测出来的SRB类群具有更大的分布范围,同时,检测出的SRB类群主要分布在沉积物上部;从数量上来看,秋季沉积物SRB数量高于春季沉积物。上述结果指示秋季沉积物环境条件更适于SRB群落。此外,相比洱海秋季,洱海春季沉积环境溶解氧含量较高,且温度较低,这可能导致脱硫弧菌属-脱硫微菌属在洱海春季沉积物中处于不可育状态,由于其活性低而无法检测。     

回归模型法推导油菜田土壤Cd限值的不确定性

为研究土壤-作物迁移模型推导农田土壤环境基准的不确定性,以油菜为例,通过贵州省4种典型微酸性土壤——红壤、黄壤、石灰土和黄棕壤进行Cd盐添加的盆栽试验,除全量Cd外,选择5种有效态提取剂,分别与油菜籽w(Cd)建立土壤-作物迁移模型. 参照GB 13078—2001《饲料卫生标准》w(Cd)限值(0.5 mg/kg),采用模型预测中位值和95%预测上限进行土壤Cd限值推导并分析模型的不确定性. 结果表明:全量和各提取态Cd质量分数与油菜籽w(Cd)均能建立极显著的一元(R2为0.907~0.946)或多元(考虑pH)回归模型(R2为0.875~0.962). 5.550(以多元模型中位值推导的农田安全种植油菜的Cd限值)随pH的升高从0.93 mg/kg增至1.45 mg/kg,HNO₃提取态、HCl提取态、DTPA提取态的Cd的质量分数也分别从0.81、0.97、0.73 mg/kg升至1.39、1.79、1.66 mg/kg. 基于CaCl₂提取态Cd的一元模型对pH不敏感,SEQS₅₀不受其影响. 对所有模型而言,SEQS₅₀是SEQS₉₅(基于模型95%的预测上限推导的限值)的1.1倍左右. 其中,CaCl₂提取态Cd的SEQS₅₀和SEQS₉₅分别为0.052和0.049 mg/kg,小于福建省CaCl₂提取态Cd标准限值(0.15 mg/kg). 为降低不确定性,需要选择合适的提取剂,使用全量Cd,HNO₃、HCl或DTPA 3种提取态Cd建模时须兼顾pH的影响. 研究显示,SEQS₉₅能够降低土壤Cd限值达标而作物Cd含量超标的可能性.      

南宁市区交通环境空气颗粒物中碳组分的污染特征分析研究

含碳颗粒物是大气颗粒物的重要组成部分,对人体健康产生很大的威胁.分别于2012年夏季及2013年冬季在南宁市选取六条主要交通干道采集了PM10、PM2.5样品,分析测定了其中的碳组分.结果表明,碳组分浓度季节变化明显.碳组分在细颗粒物中占有比重比在可吸入颗粒物中大.存在二次有机碳污染.对8种碳组分丰度分析说明南宁市大气颗粒物中碳组分的主要来源是燃煤、机动车尾气及生物质样品燃烧.     

Process analysis of characteristics of the boundary layer during a heavy haze pollution episode in an inland megacity, China

Ground observation data from 8 meteorological stations in Xi'an, air mass concentration data from 13 environmental quality monitoring sites in Xi'an, as well as radiosonde observation and wind profile radar data, were used in this study. Thereby, the process, causes and boundary layer meteorological characteristics of a heavy haze episode occurring from 16 to 25 December 2013 in Xi'an were analyzed. Principal component analysis showed that this haze pollution was mainly caused by the high-intensity emission and formation of gaseous pollutants (NO₂, CO and SO₂) and atmospheric particles (PM_2.5 (fine particles) and PM₁₀ (respirable suspended particle). The second cause was the relative humidity and continuous low temperature. The third cause was the allocation of the surface pressure field. The presence of a near-surface temperature inversion at the boundary layer formed favorable stratification conditions for the formation and maintenance of heavy haze pollution. The persistent thick haze layer weakened the solar radiation. Meanwhile, a warming effect in the urban canopy layer and in the transition zone from the urban friction sublayer to the urban canopy was indicated. All these conditions facilitated the maintenance and reinforcement of temperature inversion. The stable atmospheric stratification finally acted on the wind field in the boundary layer, and further weakened the exchange capacity of vertical turbulence. The superposition of a wind field with the horizontal gentle wind induced the typical air stagnation and finally caused the deterioration of air quality during this haze event.