冬季动态槽式堆肥温度的空间变异

以鲜鸡粪、蘑菇渣和污泥按照体积比3∶1∶1混合进行动态堆肥模拟试验.堆肥槽沿物料前进方向分为7个部分,对每个部分按等间距分别做5个水平方向上切分和5个垂直方向上切分,在形成的125个交叉点上进行温度监测.研究结果表明,第1天的混合物料温度在同一层中变异很小,不同层之间略有差异.随着动态过程的进行,同一层温度变异逐渐增大,从第一天相差1～3℃,增加到相差30～40℃,靠近墙体的堆料温度较低,远离墙体的温度较高.随着堆肥时间延长,差异增大.机械翻堆能起到通风的作用,同时使每一个堆方的堆料在纵向方向上上下混合,但达不到横向混匀,因此,靠近墙体两侧的堆料始终处于较低的温度,只有中部能达到较高的温度,以堆肥温度50℃作为无害化指标,自墙体向中心方向的1m为没有达到无害化厚度,无害化体积占堆肥总体积50%.整个动态堆肥过程符合二级动力学方程.     

碘化阶层孔氧化硅纳米球对水中典型有机氯污染物的吸附性能研究

采用共缩聚法,成功地原位合成了碘改性的阶层多孔氧化硅纳米球（SiO₂-I）,研究了其基于卤键作用对典型有机氯污染物六六六的吸附性能,并考察了改性剂I-硅烷含量和pH值对吸附效果的影响.实验结果表明,该纳米材料对六六六表现出优异的吸附富集性能,吸附速率快,60 min内对六六六的去除率为71.6%,240 min内达到吸附平衡,去除率可达98.3%,最大吸附量为178.6 mg·g^-1;吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学模型;碘物种的加入提高了阶层多孔氧化硅的吸附速率和吸附效率.另外,为了便于纳米吸附材料的分离,本研究对SiO₂-I纳米球进行了磁性化.研究发现,磁性化修饰后,SiO₂-I纳米材料仍然保留对六六六优异的吸附富集性能,240 min时的吸附去除率达90.3%.     

紫菜制备生物炭对对二甲苯的吸附性能研究

文章选用舟山海域的红藻——紫菜作为原材料,在800℃的条件下热解活化制备具有高比表面积及丰富孔隙结构的紫菜基生物炭,并研究其对对二甲苯(PX)的吸附性能。通过扫描电子电镜及比表面积和孔径分析表征可以看出,紫菜制备的生物炭具有较好表面吸附空间结构,比表面积测定为1 878.35 m²/g。红外光谱对紫菜基生物炭分析发现其含有醚类、醇或者酚类等氧化物并存在金属离子、卤素元素等,说明热解活化后的紫菜基生物炭表面存在着大量的有机活性基团。在初始浓度为100 mg/L,投加量为0.2 g/L,中性pH,20℃条件下吸附2 h后紫菜基生物炭对PX的去除率达到86.4%。伪二级动力学方程能很好地拟合紫菜基生物炭对PX的吸附过程。同时,通过吸附等温线模型得出紫菜基生物炭对PX的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温线,属于单层表面吸附。通过实际废水应用实验,表明紫菜基生物炭是一种有潜力用于高浓度含PX废水的处理的有效材料。     

微生物燃料电池中硫代谢的研究进展

微生物燃料电池(MFC)因其能同步降解废水中污染物并回收电能而备受关注。近年来,硫代谢过程在含硫生物电化学体系中扮演重要角色,硫元素对电池系统的物质转化及产电过程均有重要影响,涉及的两大类功能微生物为硫酸盐还原菌与硫氧化菌。文章根据硫元素转化的特点及反应机制,介绍了MFC中硫代谢过程的研究进展,包括硫元素的生物转化过程及其与有机物、氮元素、重金属元素等物质耦合作用,为含硫废水资源化处理提供参考依据。     

Comprehensive health condition assessment on partial sewers in a southern Chinese city based on fuzzy mathematic methods

A self-developed sewer health assessment system using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and analytical hierarchy process was applied to give a comprehensive health condition evaluation on part of the local sewers in a southern Chinese city based on the sewer video data collected by a sewer inspection closed circuit television （CCTV） robot. Aside from the overall condition evaluation, the structure, function, and stability status of the sewer were also analyzed using the method. A comprehensive index H was proposed to give the overall health condition of pipes with different defects, and Ht, Hs, and If were used to quantify the defects affecting the tightness, stability, and function of the pipe, respectively. Results show that 48% of the inspected pipes were in good condition （0〈H〈0.25）, and about 33% of the sewer pipes analyzed were categorized to be at severe or urgent condition levels （H 〉 0.5）, although most of the pipes were installed only within five years. Frequent sedimentation affects the function of the sewer, and deformation and joint damage affect the structure of the sewer.     

江苏沿江城市PM10和PM2.5中水溶性离子特征及来源分析

2012年3月和6月在江苏沿江七市(镇江、常州、无锡、苏州、扬州、泰州和南通)采集空气中PM10和PM2.5样品,运用离子色谱法,分析无机水溶性离子成分,并对其组成、相关性、结合形式和来源解析等方面进行研究.结果表明,春季苏南四市PM10和PM2.5质量浓度低于苏中三市,夏季反之;水溶性离子在PM2.5中所占的比例一般高于PM10,SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4是颗粒物中水溶性离子的主要成分,占总量的80%左右.PM10和PM2.5中的SO2-4和NO-3、NH+4和SO2-4、NO-3之间均具有较好的相关性;PM10中Ca2+和Mg2+显著相关,细粒子中相关性较小.NH+4和SO2-4、NO-3主要以(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3存在于可吸入颗粒物中.春夏两季,江苏沿江城市PM10和PM2.5中的SOR均大于NOR,SO2在大气中的转化率比NOx的转化率要高;苏南地区PM10和PM2.5中的SOR和NOR高于苏中地区.运用[NO-3]/[SO2-4]的比值法研究颗粒物污染来源,表明春季的污染源主要为流动源,夏季为固定源.运用因子分析法分析颗粒物来源,燃煤、交通运输、生物质燃烧、土壤和建筑地表扬尘是春夏两季江苏沿江城市可吸入颗粒物的主要污染源.     

高尔夫球场施用农药的环境风险分析

高尔夫球场使用农药,对周围生态环境和人体健康的影响,已引起人们普遍关心.评价化学农药毒死蜱时,根据球场工程结构和排水系统,以及球场施用农药的剂量、次数、方式,并考虑当地的气象、环境特征,进行了非正常因子风险分析试验.试验表明,毒死蜱施用后,农药主要保持在表层0～20cm的砂层中,不易随水淋溶进入水体;一旦进入水体,其消解速度很慢,易对饮用水造成污染,存在一定的潜在风险     

新型环境材料提铯离子筛的研制

合成六种有离子交换性能的焦磷杂多酸盐 ,其中焦磷钼酸锆在 3M硝酸介质中有较高的化学稳定性和铯离子交换容量。经正交实验确定了合成焦磷钼酸锆的最佳工艺条件。以焦磷钼酸锆为基体 ,通过特殊的化学制筛手段 ,制成了对铯离子有高效选择性、抗强酸的提铯离子筛 ,可适用于直接从高放废液中提取铯。     

Bioavailability of permethrin and cyfluthrin in surface waters with low levels of dissolved organic matter

Pyrethroids are widely used insecticides in both agricultural and urban environments, and their potential movement to surface streams and toxicity to susceptible aquatic species is an emerging concern. Natural surface waters usually contain low levels of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Limited data have shown that DOM preparations can significantly alter the bioavailability and toxicity effects of pyrethroids. However, the importance of these effects in natural waters has not been investigated. In this study we measured uptake and acute toxicity of permethrin and cyfluthrin by Daphnia species in 15 surface water samples. Low levels of DOM (3-20 mg L(-1)) inhibited cyfluthrin uptake by Daphnia magna and acute toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia in most samples. For permethrin, the effects of DOM on bioavailability and toxicity were generally not significant. The effects of DOM on bioavailability of cyfluthrin could not be explained from the DOC concentration alone, suggesting that properties of DOM were also important in regulating bioavailability. Regression of K DOC with selected DOM properties revealed significant dependence of K DOC on the carboxylic acid content of DOM. Moreover, concentrations sensed by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers were well correlated with the observed changes in bioaccumulation by D. magna and acute toxicity to C. dubia. Therefore, selective sampling methods such as SPME may be used for measuring the bioavailable concentrations of pyrethroids in waters with naturally occurring DOM levels and predicting the actual toxicity effects.     

Occurrence and bioavailability of pyrethroids in a mixed land use watershed

The shift in land use patterns within many urban areas has the potential to influence the magnitude and nature of nonpoint-source pollution. The presence of pyrethroid insecticides in urban surface streams is of particular concern due to the broad spectrum toxicity of pyrethroids to aquatic organisms and the widespread use of pyrethroid products for agricultural and urban pest control. Sediment samples were collected throughout a mixed land use watershed in southern California during two sampling periods and analyzed for a suite of pyrethroids. Bifenthrin and fenpropathrin were found most frequently in the sediment samples, with the highest concentrations associated with sites adjacent to large commercial nurseries. Sediments from residential areas or residential-commercial mixed areas had fewer detections and significantly lower concentrations than the nursery runoff sediments. No apparent difference was found between wet and dry season concentrations, which may be attributed to the fact that the lack of flow under dry weather conditions rendered pyrethroid residues immobile. Organic carbon-normalized sediment concentrations were poorly correlated with the freely dissolved pore water concentrations measured by solid phase microextraction (SPME), suggesting factors other than sediment organic carbon content should be considered when relating concentrations to potential toxicities.