土壤中苯并[a]芘和二苯并[a，h]蒽的快速测定及其降解特性研究

建立了加速溶剂萃取-高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测(ASE-HPLC-PAD)快速测定土壤中苯并[a]芘(BaP)和二苯并[a.h]葸(DBA)的方法.通过提取剂、提取方法的优化,检测波长(BaP、DBA的λmax分别为294.6、295.8 nm)的选择,减少了干扰物的影响,提高了检测灵敏度.土壤中添加BaP、DBA的质量浓度均为0.02～0.50 mg/kg时,其平均回收率均为77.26%～109.56%,相对标准偏差为0.60%～2.74%;土壤中BaP、DBA的最小检测质量浓度分别为2.15、1.10μg/kg.将ASE-HPLC-PAD方法应用于污染场地土壤中BaP与DBA的测定及其降解特性研究表明,BaP与DBA的降解半衰期分别达210、693 d.     

Residues of 18 organochlorine pesticides in 30 traditional Chinese medicines

We analyzed 30 different traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) to determine levels of contamination with organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). We tested for 18 pesticides: benzene hexachloride (BHC, including alpha-BHC, beta-BHC, gamma-BHC, delta-BHC), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, tecnazene, pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB), hexachlorobenzene, aldrin, methyl pentachlorophenyl sulphide (MPCPS), alpha-endosulfan, trans-chlorodane, cis-chlorodane, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, and p,p'-DDT. The sample extracts were analyzed by GC-ECD. A total of 280 samples of 30 different TCMs were analyzed. Our results showed that 75.8% of samples contained at least one of the above pesticides. The pesticides detected were tecnazene, hexachlorobenzene, PCNB, heptachlor, aldrin, alpha-BHC, beta-BHC, gamma-BHC, delta-BHC, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD p,p'-DDT. More than 50% of samples contained alpha-BHC (55.8%) and PCNB (55.8%); hexachlorobenzene was detected in 40.9% of samples, tecnazene in 19.5%, gamma-BHC in 16.7% and p,p'-DDE in 16.0%. Less than 10% of samples contained beta-BHC, delta-BHC, heptachlor, aldrin, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDD. None of the 280 samples contained heptachlor epoxide, MPCPS, alpha-endosulfan, trans-chlorodane, or cis-chlorodane. Concentrations of OCPs in four samples exceeded the maximum allowable residue limits (MRLs) specified in the PRC Pharmacopoeia 2005. The results indicate that the most common contaminants among the 280 samples were alpha-BHC, PCNB, hexachlorobenzene, and tecnazene. Our results suggest that contamination of TCMs with OCPs is widespread. The MRLs for other OCPs commonly found in TCMs (e.g. hexachlorobenzene and tecnazene) should be set as quickly as possible, and the MRLs of OCPs in other TCMs should be established.     

国家水环境质量预报预警研究进展及业务发展思路

开展国家水环境质量预报预警工作是生态环境治理能力现代化的重要部分,是统筹山水林田湖草系统治理的重要抓手。文章介绍了国内外水质模型的研究进展,并概述了国内外水质预报预警系统研究进展,在此基础上分析目前我国水质预报预警方面存在的不足,并提出了国家水环境质量预报预警业务发展的初步思路。我国水质预报预警体系建设要以技术体系和业务体系为保障,以水质模型和面源污染模型为支撑,依托水环境质量预报预警决策支持平台,开展环境监管业务化应用、治理决策精细化支撑、污染事故科学化处置和数据产品社会化服务4种业务应用,逐步建成架构统一、业务协同、资源共享、上下游联动的全国-流域-省级-城市四级水环境质量预报预警网络。     

基于质子转移反应飞行时间质谱走航分析的鲁南某城市初夏大气VOCs污染特征及对二次污染生成的贡献分析

为探究鲁南地区大气中VOCs污染情况及二次生成转化特征,采用PTR-ToF-MS (质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪)对鲁南某城市下辖6个行政区初夏(2021年5月19—27日)大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行走航观测,研究该城市不同区域的VOCs浓度水平、组成特征以及对臭氧和SOA的生成贡献. 结果表明:①该市大气VOCs平均浓度为190.96 μg/m3,主要由含氧化合物、烃类、卤代烃、苯系物和含硫化合物组成,其中对VOCs组成贡献最大的物种包括乙酸乙烯酯、丙醛、环己酮、戊烯等. ②含氧化合物和烃类是该城市(除A区外)最主要的臭氧前体有机物,对OFP的贡献率分别达50%和40%. ③除甲苯是C区SOAFP (二次有机气溶胶生成潜势)贡献最大的VOCs物种外,二甲苯是其他各区SOAFP贡献最大的VOCs物种,贡献率在30%以上. ④因存在较多大型化工企业,A区与其他区大气VOCs组成差异较大,乙酸乙烯酯和二甲苯是其VOCs主要组分,苯系物、含氧有机物、卤代烃和烃类等四类物种OFP贡献相当,均约占25%;A区大气中VOCs的SOAFP较高,约是其他区的1.5~2.0倍. ⑤通过特征物种比值及走航观测分析发现,A区大气VOCs主要来源于溶剂挥发及燃烧过程,C区VOCs主要源于交通,其他区VOCs主要源于燃烧及工业生产过程;同时,食物加工过程(如油烟)排放也是该市大气VOCs的重要来源. 研究显示,降低大气中含氧有机物、烃类、苯系物浓度是控制该市大气臭氧、二次有机气溶胶生成的有效途径.      

基于实验经济学的森林环境资源价值评估的文献综述

首先从实验经济学的概述出发,展示了实验经济学理论与方法的有代表性文献的研究结论,综述了其在中国的应用。其次,对森林资源价值评估的国内外研究现状进行了总结和归纳;并且根据各种评估方法的计算特点,将森林资源价值评估方法大致综合成了三种：直接市场评价法、替代市场评价法和假想市场评价法。最后,创造性地将二者结合起来提出了自己的看法,并指出基于实验经济学进行森林资源价值评估是一个崭新的领域,其发展中机会与挑战并存。     

流动注射化学发光抑制法测定水样中L-甲硫氨酸的含量

在碱性条件下,过氧化氢氧化鲁米诺产生化学发光,本文系统讨论了L-甲硫氨酸对Luminol-H2O2-CTAB化学发光体系的影响,发现在一定条件下,L-甲硫氨酸对Luminol-H2O2-CTAB化学发光体系有较强的抑制作用。据此建立了流动注射化学发光法测定L-甲硫氨酸的分析方法。该法简单、快速、灵敏度高。测定L-甲硫氨酸的线性范围为1.0×10-7～5.0×10-5mol/L,检出限为7.8×10-8mol/L。对1.0×10-5mol/l的L-甲硫氨酸进行9次平行测定,得该法的相对标准偏差为3.2%。成功地用于水样中L-甲硫氨酸的测定,结果满意。     

环境保护目标和公众感知:现状与反思

在环境规划过程中,设立科学且合理的环境保护目标至关重要。公众既是环境公共物品的享用者、环境保护工作的参与者,又是环保工作绩效的评价者。因而有必要了解公众对环境目标的感受和评价。文章对北京、天津、上海、重庆和南京5地进行了问卷调查和访谈,考察了公众对环保任务规划感知、环境治理成效和环境质量指标的感知。研究结果发现,公众对我国环境保护任务目标存在较高期盼,环境治理成效与公众感知存在偏差,将公众直观感受纳入环境质量指标评价体系值得关注等。进而文章就提升公众环境质量获得感提出了建议。     

城市污水处理厂四环素抗性菌的筛选及其抗性基因分析

城市污水处理厂中抗生素抗性菌的富集和扩散对受纳水体及公共卫生安全造成严重的威胁.本研究从上海某城市污水处理厂活性污泥中筛选得到一株四环素抗性菌株TC-1,基于形态特征、生理生化特性和16S r DNA结果鉴定,菌株TC-1属于节杆菌属(Arthrobacter sp.).对节杆菌属菌株的全基因组分析表明,菌株TC-1含有多种抗生素抗性基因,包括四环素、氯霉素、大环内酯类和青霉素抗性基因.对比节杆菌属抗生素抗性基因的基因簇分析表明,这些抗性基因在节杆菌属中具有普遍存在性,表明其来源于相关菌株的遗传而非单个菌株的偶然获得.鉴于节杆菌属是潜在的病原性微生物,该结论可为废水生物处理系统中含抗生素抗性基因的致病微生物环境行为和风险评估提供参考.     

Synthesis of a highly recoverable 3D MnO2/rGO hybrid aerogel for efficient adsorptive separation of pharmaceutical residue

Water contamination by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as acetaminophen, is an emerging ecological concern. In this study, a new three-dimensional manganese dioxide-engrafted reduced graphene oxide (3D MnO₂/rGO) hybrid aerogel was developed for acetaminophen sequestration. The synthesis involved firstly the self-assembly of GO aerogel, followed by thermal reduction and in-situ MnO₂ growth by redox-reaction. The aerogel demonstrated interlinked planes with smooth surfaces deposited with MnO₂ nanospheres and pores of 138.4 – 235.3 µm width. The influences of adsorbent dosage, initial pH, acetaminophen concentration, temperature and contact time were investigated. It was determined that the adsorption of acetaminophen occurred on uniform sorption sites in the aerogel, as suggested by the best fit of data to the Langmuir isotherm, yielding a maximum adsorption capacity of 252.87 mg/g. This highest adsorption performance of the 3D MnO₂/rGO aerogel was attained at a dosage of 0.6 g/L, initial pH of 6.2 and temperature of 40°C. The process kinetics were in-line with the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics at 10 and 20 – 500 mg/L concentrations, respectively. Thermodynamic assay showed the spontaneity and endothermicity features of the 3D MnO₂/rGO-acetaminophen system. The acetaminophen adsorption mechanisms were mainly hydrogen bonding and pore entrapment. Moreover, the as-synthesised aerogel was effectively regenerated using acetone and re-utilised in four adsorption-desorption cycles. Overall, the results highly recommend the implementation of the 3D MnO₂/rGO hybrid aerogel for purification of wastewater polluted by acetaminophen residue.