机动车排气检验机构的环境影响评价研究

机动车排气定期检验机构对周边环境质量的影响虽然不大,但由于大多处在闹市区,贴近敏感人群,其噪声与机动车尾气对市民的影响却不容忽视。通过环境影响评价,分析机动车排气定期检验机构的环境影响特点,并结合机动车排气定期检验业务流程,对机动车排气定期检验机构的整体规划与布局提出合理建议,对噪声与大气污染物排放提出有效控制措施,不仅可以有效控制机动车排气定期检验机构对周边大气环境质量的影响,也能有效减小噪声对周边市民日常生活的影响。     

上海降水中氢氧同位素特征及与ENSO的关系

基于收集2014年8月至2015年8月上海70个降水样品,分析上海降水同位素特征与温度、降水量的相关关系,分析不同时间尺度下降水中δ~(18)O、氘盈余与ENSO事件的联系.结果表明上海地区大气降水中δD与δ~(18)O冬春较高,夏秋较低.上海大气降水线方程截距和斜率比全球降水线方程偏小,可能是因为降水过程中受到不平衡的二次蒸发.在不同的时间尺度下,上海地区降水中δ~(18)O与气温和降水量具有不同的相关关系,冬季存在着较弱的温度效应,而全年呈现出较显著的降水量效应,受大气环流过程影响明显.取样期间,降水中δ~(18)O与d值(过量氘)清晰记录了La Ni1a向El Ni1o之间的过渡,拉尼娜期间,降水中δ~(18)O与d值偏负;El Ni1o期间,δ~(18)O与d值偏正.     

应用WRF/Chem模拟河南冬季大气颗粒物的区域输送特征

基于WRF/Chem模式,设置多组区域排放源的情景实验定量估算河南、京津冀、山东、山西、安徽和江苏、湖北6个区域人为源排放对河南省2015年12月PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度贡献率,并结合气象资料研究3个代表性城市的污染输送特征.结果表明:河南省冬季PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)主要来源为本省排放,平均贡献率分别为54.83%、61.32%.区域污染输送对河南颗粒物的贡献也占有很大比例,京津冀、安徽和江苏、山东、山西以及湖北对PM_(2.5)平均贡献率分别为11.95%、11.69%、7.95%、7.40%、4.30%,对PM_(10)平均贡献率分别为10.42%、10.03%、7.00%、6.89%、3.80%.PM_(2.5)外来输送率比PM_(10)要高,表明细颗粒物比粗颗粒物更易跨区域长距离输送.冬季长持续时间的污染过程大多受静风或小风控制,省内污染贡献最大,过程结束时伴随着大风,周边区域的污染贡献有所增加.不同城市的颗粒物来源与其地理位置、风速、风向等气象条件密切相关.区域污染来源具有复杂性,改善河南省空气质量是需要整个区域共同面对和解决的问题.     

喜马拉雅山中段北坡地表水体主要离子特征及其控制因素——以叶如藏布流域为例

为调查喜马拉雅山中段北坡地表水环境特征,2015年9月在叶如藏布流域采集24个地表水体水样并对其水化学特征分析测定,研究结果表明:(1)叶如藏布流域水化学特征存在显著空间差异.随着海拔升高,地表水体p H值、TDS值呈微弱的减小趋势.24个水样中23个水样属于淡水,1个为微咸水.(2)叶如藏布流域内地表水阳离子主要为Ca~(2+),阴离子以SO_4~(2-)为主,其次为HCO_3~-,即地表水为Ca~(2+)-SO_4~(2-)型.(3)叶如藏布流域地表水中各离子之间具有不同程度的相关性.其中Cl~-、HCO_3~-、Na~+和K~+4种离子共源性好;阳离子的来源不同,Na~+和K~+主要来源于碳酸氢盐,Ca~(2+)主要来源于硫酸盐,而Mg~(2+)的来源比较广泛.(4)叶如藏布流域大部分离子主要来源于陆地,受陆源影响从小到大排列顺序为:Na~+Mg~(2+)SO_4~(2-)Ca~(2+)K~+HCO_3~-.流域水文化学过程主要受岩石风化作用控制,特别是受到碳酸盐风化影响.以强木村为界,流域下游地区地表水化学特征受人类活动影响逐渐变大,特别是畜牧活动及人类施肥的影响.     

重金属污染土壤接种丛枝菌根真菌对蚕豆毒性的影响

采用盆栽实验的方法,研究了重金属(包括Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd)复合污染和接种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)Glomus mosseae对蚕豆(Vicia faba)生长及DNA损伤的影响.结果表明,虽然接种菌根真菌对蚕豆生物量的影响并不显著,但是却显著影响植物对重金属的吸收,接种菌根真菌对蚕豆吸收4种重金属元素的作用有差异.采用单细胞凝胶电泳(single cell gel electrophoresis,SCGE)法研究接种菌根真菌对蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤的影响,与重金属吸收的结果相吻合.结果表明,接种处理可显著增加蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤程度,这与接种处理可提高植物的重金属吸收相一致.     

活性污泥对甲醛废水的净化性能

采用微生物法处理低浓度甲醛废水达标排放是比较经济的方法之一.在研究中采用序批式活性污泥法(SBR)工艺,考察了曝气时间、进水甲醛浓度、进水 pH 和水温对微生物净化低浓度甲醛废水的影响.结果表明,随着曝气时间的延长,活性污泥对甲醛的去除率增大.进水甲醛浓度在 40～120 mg/L 范围内,随着浓度升高甲醛污泥负荷增加,微生物对甲醛的降解速率增加,但对甲醛的去除率降低.活性污泥在 pH 为 5～7 的中性和弱酸性环境中对甲醛的降解速率较高.在15～35℃范围内,污泥对废水中甲醛的去除率随温度升高而上升,微生物对甲醛的降解速率随温度升高呈指数递增趋势.     

Applications of open-path Fourier transform infrared for identification of volatile organic compound pollution sources and characterization of source emission behaviors

An open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (OP-FTIR) system was set up for 3-day continuous line-averaged volatile organic compound (VOC) monitoring in a paint manufacturing plant. Seven VOCs (toluene, m-xylene, p-xylene, styrene, methanol, acetone, and 2-butanone) were identified in the ambient environment. Daytime-only batch operation mode was well explained by the time-series concentration plots. Major sources of methanol, m-xylene, acetone, and 2-butanone were identified in the southeast direction where paint solvent manufacturing processes are located. However, an attempt to uncover sources of styrene was not successful because the method detection limit (MDL) of the OP-FTIR system was not sensitive enough to produce conclusive data. In the second scenario, the OP-FTIR system was set up in an industrial complex to distinguish the origins of several VOCs. Eight major VOCs were identified in the ambient environment. The pollutant detected wind-rose percentage plots that clearly showed that ethylene, propylene, 2-butanone, and toluene mainly originated from the tank storage area, whereas the source of n-butane was mainly from the butadiene manufacturing processes of the refinery plant, and ammonia was identified as an accompanying reduction product in the gasoline desulfuration process. Advantages of OP-FTIR include its ability to simultaneously and continuously analyze many compounds, and its long path length monitoring has also shown advantages in obtaining more comprehensive data than the traditional multiple, single-point monitoring methods.     

Surface functional characteristics (C, O, S) of waste tire-derived carbon black before and after steam activation

The effects of steam activation on the surface functional characteristics of waste tire-derived carbon black were investigated. Two carbon-based materials, powdered carbon black (PCB) and PCB-derived powdered activated carbon (PCB-PAC), were selected for this study. A stainless steel tubular oven was used to activate the PCB at an activation temperature of 900 degrees C and 1 atm using steam as an activating reagent. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was adopted to measure the surface composition and chemical structure of carbon surface. Various elemental spectra (C, O, and S) of each carbon sample were further deconvoluted by peak synthesis. Results showed that the surfaces of PCB and PCB-PAC consisted mainly of C-C and C-O. The PCB-PAC surface had a higher percentage of oxygenated functional groups (C=O and O-C=O) than PCB. The O1s spectra show that the oxygen detected on the PCB surface was mainly bonded to carbon (C-O), whereas the oxygen on the PCB-PAC surface could be bonded to hydrogen (O-H) and carbon (C-O). Sulfur on the surface of PCB consisted of 58.9 wt% zinc sulfide (ZnS) and 41.1 wt% S=C=S, whereas that on the surfaces of PCB-PAC consisted mainly of S=C=S. Furthermore, the increase of oxygen content from 9.6% (PCB) to 11.9% (PCB-PAC) resulted in the increase of the pH values of PCB-PAC after steam activation.     

超声强化Fe0去除阳离子红GTL的研究

采用US/Fe^0系统去除阳离子红GTL,考察了pH值、Fe^0用量、超声功率及活性炭、H2O2、盐分添加对阳离子红GTL去除率的影响,利用紫外-可见吸收光谱变化查明阳离子红GTL在不同条件下的去除差异性,利用SEM解析铁的形态与染料去除的相关性。结果表明：pH≥5.0时超声和Fe^0具有协同效应,Fe^0用量2 g/L,pH=7.0,超声功率135 W,阳离子红GTL去除率达到96.07%;一定量的活性炭、H2O2、盐分添加会加速染料去除,US加速Fe^0反应速度,但不改变染料降解机理,添加活性炭能够彻底降解阳离子红GTL,添加H2O2提供的氧化环境抑制苯胺类化合物生成;铁的形态及与染料的接触是影响染料去除效果的重要原因。     

福建省热带气旋暴雨型地质灾害特征分析

福建是受热带气旋影响较严重的省份,又是一个多山的省份,每年都有因热带气旋暴雨诱发滑坡等地质灾害造成巨大人员伤亡和经济损失的事例发生.通过分析福建省1990～2006年热带气旋暴雨诱发的地质灾害个例,发现热带气旋暴雨型地质灾害的规模和强度均比雨季暴雨诱发的地质灾害大;它的发生与热带气旋路径、过程雨量和当日雨量关系密切,地质灾害主要发生在强降水后的48 h内;热带气旋登陆前后,若有偏东急流、西南季风、冷空气、暖式切变等系统共同作用,对暴雨具有增幅作用,极易引发地质灾害.