基于逸度方法分析大连湾海域PFASs在海水-沉积物界面的扩散趋势

研究污染物在沉积物-水界面的扩散趋势对于开展其环境风险评估具有重要作用。本研究基于大连湾海域海水和沉积物样品中全氟烷基化合物（PFASs）的含量数据,应用变异系数（C_v）分析了浓度分布的空间变异程度,应用逸度分数（ff）分析了PFASs在沉积物-水界面扩散趋势,应用响应系数（RC）分析了有机碳含量对扩散趋势的影响。结果表明:大连湾海域海水和沉积物中9种PFASs的总浓度均为中等变异;在沉积物中的浓度空间差异略大,可能受历史排放污染物残留及污染事故的影响。在海水-沉积物界面扩散过程中,全氟烷基磺酸类和全氟烷基羧酸类化合物呈现相同的扩散特性,总体表现为ff值随PFASs链长的增加而逐渐降低的趋势。短链PFASs在大连湾海域倾向于存在于水体中,而长链PFASs倾向于扩散到沉积物中。有机碳是影响PFASs在沉积物-水界面扩散趋势的重要参数,且对长链PFASs的影响更明显。全氟辛烷磺酸作为一种持久性有机污染物在大连湾海域中主要处于平衡状态。     

基于生态系统的海湾综合管理框架及调控策略

海湾是相对独立、完整的生态系统,具有优越的区位和资源优势,面临巨大的开发利用需求,开发与保护问题突出。基于生态系统的综合管理（ecosystem-based management,EBM）是当前国际资源与环境综合管理的主流范式,为解决生态环境危机提供了理论和方法支持。文章在分析海湾生态系统特征和面临的生态环境问题的基础上,根据EBM相关理论和实践,提出基于生态系统的海湾综合管理应该遵循的原则、目标、综合管理框架,以及开展陆海统筹的流域-海湾空间规划,开展基于陆域土地利用的流域-海湾污染物控制,维护海湾水动力条件和保护关键生境,开展流域-海岸-海湾尺度的生态修复,建立海湾综合管理体制机制等具体调控策略,以期为我国海湾综合开发与保护提供参考。     

船舶溢油事故风险分析

伴随着船舶制造业和水运行业的进步和发展,船舶运输成为国内外主要的运输方式之一,是沿海经济的支柱和国家发展的标志。然而大规模的船舶运输在带来经济效益的同时势必会产生一定的负面影响,其中船舶溢油事故成为影响海洋健康发展的重要来源之一,为了保持海洋的可持续性发展,必须对船舶溢油事故进行预控。根据京唐港多年溢油事故的数据和经验,确定溢油事故模拟情景,进而评价码头前沿及航道入港口处的溢油事故,可供类似相关行业风险评估参考。     

Nanoencapsulation of hexavalent chromium with nanoscale zero-valent iron: High resolution chemical mapping of the passivation layer

Solid phase reactions of Cr(Ⅵ) with Fe(0) were investigated with spherical-aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy(Cs-STEM) integrated with X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy(XEDS). Near-atomic resolution elemental mappings of Cr(Ⅵ)–Fe(0) reactions were acquired. Experimental results show that rate and extent of Cr(Ⅵ) encapsulation are strongly dependent on the initial concentration of Cr(Ⅵ) in solution. Low Cr loading in nZⅥ(1.0 wt%) promotes the electrochemical oxidation and continuous corrosion of n ZⅥ while high Cr loading(1.0 wt%) can quickly shut down the Cr uptake. With the progress of iron oxidation and dissolution, elements of Cr and O counter-diffuse into the nanoparticles and accumulate in the core region at low levels of Cr(Ⅵ)(e.g., 10 mg/L). Whereas the reacted n ZⅥ is quickly coated with a newly-formed layer of 2–4 nm in the presence of concentrated Cr(Ⅵ)(e.g., 100 mg/L). The passivation structure is stable over a wide range of pH unless pH is low enough to dissolve the passivation layer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) depth profiling reconfirms that the composition of the newly-formed surface layer consists of Fe(Ⅲ)–Cr(Ⅲ)(oxy)hydroxides with Cr(Ⅵ) adsorbed on the outside surface. The insoluble and insulating Fe(Ⅲ)–Cr(Ⅲ)(oxy)hydroxide layer can completely cover the n ZⅥ surface above the critical Cr loading and shield the electron transfer. Thus, the fast passivation of nZⅥ in high Cr(Ⅵ) solution is detrimental to the performance of nZⅥ for Cr(Ⅵ) treatment and remediation.     

盐酸付玫瑰苯胺若干性质讨论

盐酸付玫瑰苯胺是三苯甲烷类染料，分子中存在的共轭体系使其具有以下特性：１．本身带色；２．随介质的ｐＨ变化产生显著的颜色效应，ｐＨ值越高，颜色越深，ｐＨ值越低，颜色越浅；３．对光和水洗的坚牢度较差；４．可发生重氮化反应；５．杂质使其颜色加深。     

Utility of dynamics as indicators of stress in population models

The relationships between the dynamics of environmentally and chemically stressed populations and indicators of the effects of the stressor are explored in a model framework. The physiologically structured population, represented by a system of McKendrick–von Foerster hyperbolic partial differential equations, includes the dynamics of numerous individuals distinguished by ecotype. Chemical uptake of nonpolar narcotics is modeled by first order kinetics. Classical methodologies, frequency analysis and phase space reconstruction, are explored in a search for indicators of magnitude of stress. When these techniques proved generally unsuccessful for the objective of indicator selection in our model setting, summary statistics, as related to bifurcation diagrams, were constructed and appear more useful as indicators. It is concluded that physiological structures generally lead to more feasible measurable indicators of magnitude of stress than do specifics of population dynamics.     

曲面零件在拉深过程中内皱时刻及影响因素

进一步推导了曲面零件悬空区上的应力分布及临界失稳公式。然后通过计算机编程 ,求解了临界失稳方程 ,得到了拉深系数、相对锥顶半径、相对圆角半径、材料相对厚度与临界失稳时刻间的关系曲线 ,并对曲线变化的规律进行了分析。     

浅述矿区土地复垦规划

从规划的词义开始，详细阐述规划、土地复垦规划的内涵、土地复垦规划现状，为土地复垦规划的研究提供理论基础。     

华北山区温度推算模式和应用

利用华北山区气象站观测的温度与其所在纬度、经度和高度，分山区建立宏观地面气温场方程。采用１：２０万地形图，以１０＇经、纬度为步长，判读其高度值，代入已建立好的方程中，经地形项订正，推算华北山区年、月平均温度、年较差和ΣＴ＇≥１０℃，其精度达极显著水平。计算结果使我们对华北山区热量资源有了新的认识，最后求算华北山区的主要水果最优品质种植上限高度。     

温差拉深法在制造大型杯形件中的应用

用温差拉深法制造大型杯形件毛坯,可避免毛坯拉断和起皱,最大限度地降低拉深系数、减少拉深次数、降低加工成本。