Antioxidant responses to benzo[a]pyrene, tributyltin and their mixture in the spleen of Sebasticus marmoratus

It has been reported that there is an interaction between Benzo[a]pyrene （BaP）, a widespread carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and tributyltin （TBT）, an organometal used as an antifouling biocide. This study was therefore designed to examine the potential in vivo influence of BaP, TBT and their mixture on splenic antioxidant defense systems of Sebastiscus marmoratus. The fish were exposed to water containing environmentally relevant concentrations of BaP, TBT and their mixture. Spleens were collected for biochemical analysis after exposure for 7, 25, 50 d and after recovery for 7, 20 d. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 7 d potentiated the induction of glutathione peroxidase （GPx） activity by BaP or TBT alone. The cotreatment for 25 and 50 d resulted in inhibition of GPx activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Splenic glutathione S-transferase （GST） activities were significantly elevated in S. marmoratus exposed to BaP starting from 7 d and remained high up to 25 d. However, no further activity change was found with prolonged exposure. Cotreatment of BaP and TBT primarily inhibited the GST activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 25 or 50 d potentiated the depletion of GSH （glutathione） by BaP or TBT alone. MDA （malondialdehyde） contents in spleen of S. marmoratus were not significantly altered compared with the control during the test period. Spleen, as an immune organ, is sensitive to exposure of BaP or TBT. It should have an effective mechanism to counteract oxidative damage. Antioxidative defense systems in spleen of S. marmoratus should be considered as potential biomarkers. Short-term exposure of BaP or TBT could result in induction of antioxidant defense system. A significant decrease of these indices, such as GSH, GST, GPx might indicate more severe contamination.     

基于单元格网的STREAM分布式水文模型及其应用——以太湖上游西苕溪流域为例

STREAM模型是基于单元格网的分布式水文模型,可以利用易于获取的地理信息,揭示气候变化及下垫面改变对水循环的复杂影响.选择太湖上游西苕溪流域为研究区,采用1979～1999年的26个降水站实测序列和不同时段的土地利用数据,应用GIS流域分析方法与空间插值技术建立300 m的流域格网信息,并通过BLAISE脚本语言实现STREAM模型与GIS的集成,应用1979～1999年水文站实测序列对模型进行率定和验证.结果显示月径流量和年径流量模拟与实测值吻合良好,1980～1988年模型率定期,月径流量的确定性系数为0.78,年径流量的确定性系数为0.86,各年平均相对误差仅为6%;1989～1999年模型验证期,月径流量的确定性系数为0.75,年径流量的确定性系数为0.82,各年平均相对误差为9.5%.研究证实模型有较强的预测能力,在流域管理与决策中具有较好的应用前景.     

2008年初湖北省雨雪过程酸雨特征及成因

利用湖北省32个气象酸雨监测站在2008年初雨雪过程中的306次有效降水样品检测资料及相关气象环境资料,分析了此次雨雪过程的酸雨特征及成因,以期对降雪酸沉降的深入研究有所帮助.分析结果表明,全省平均pH值为3.97,酸雨发生频率为89.2%,强酸雨发生频率达到64.4%,均高于历史同期平均水平.32个气象酸雨监测站的降水平均pH值除孝感外均呈酸雨,其中20站酸雨发生频率达到100%.此次雨雪过程酸雨强度大且频发是由多方面原因综合影响所致,首先,强盛的西南气流有利于长江以南重酸雨区污染物的迁移,其次,低温导致燃煤用量增加,引起酸性物质排放的增多,而较强的逆温层又使污染物扩散条件变差,此外,雪花较雨滴更慢的降落速度和更大的比表面积使其能够更充分的捕集和吸收大气中的酸性物质.     

南京市秦淮区昼夜人口空间分布估算与分析

人口时空分布研究对于城市规划管理、土地利用布局优化以及生态资源环境评价具有重要的现实意义。以南京市秦淮区为研究区,选择Google Earth平台提供的2014年空间分辨率为0.27 m的高分辨率遥感影像,结合统计资料和实地调查,根据人们日常活动的时空位移规律,获取“人口-昼夜-土地利用”匹配关系,借助地理信息系统建模和空间分析技术,实现100 m格网单元尺度下的昼夜人口空间分布定量模拟,并从街道和建筑斑块尺度对人口空间化结果进行验证,进而分析昼夜人口空间分布格局。结果表明：(1）利用高分辨率遥感影像目视解译和街景地图等多源数据,可有效克服城市复杂下垫面的土地利用类型和建筑物图斑数据较难获取的困难,提高城市人口估算的空间分辨率;(2）利用土地利用类型和建筑物空间属性信息,能够合理地估算建筑物尺度上的昼夜人口空间分布;（3)由于中心城区建筑物功能布局以及城乡发展差异等诸多因素影响,城市中心城区昼夜人口的空间结构存在显著差异,白天人口分布范围较为广泛且部分区域具有显著的集聚特征,而夜晚人口的高值分布则相对分散,高值集聚区向城区周边推移。 关键词： 昼夜人口;时空分布;遥感;地理信息分析;南京市;秦淮区     

基于景观尺度的流域土地覆被变化及其水文响应

水资源短缺已成为限制华北地区社会经济发展的主要因子之一,其中山区来水减少问题已成为该区域水资源研究亟待解决的关键问题。采用景观格局分析法及统计学方法对华北土石山区典型流域--红门川流域土地/覆被变化及其水文动态响应进行分析。结果表明：(1)1990～2005年流域景观呈破碎化趋势,其中,优势景观林地在研究时段内面积变化不大;耕地、建设用地面积增加趋势显著,增幅分别为431%和444%;水域减少趋势最为明显,减幅达208%。(2)土地利用/覆被变化对流域径流有显著调节作用：随着土地结构不断优化,森林、耕地面积的增加,1998～2005年流域平均年径流系数较1990～1998年下降77%;丰、平和枯水年径流系数则分别减少64%、31%和85%;当剔除降水因素后,土地利用景观结构优化使得月径流系数减少16%～100%。(3)土地利用/覆被变化对流域径流的调节作用呈现季节性,植物生长季径流调节尤为显著     

Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (HCH and DDT) in sediments collected from East China Sea

Sediments used in this study were collected from different depths of eight sites in East China Sea in November 2002. The levels and distribution patterns of the selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs=p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-HCH) in samples were investigated by the technique of sonication extraction followed by the analysis of gas chromatography (GC) coupled with a micro-electron capture detector (muECD). The concentrations of SigmaHCH and SigmaDDT in the surface sediments were in the range of <0.05-1.45 ng/g (mean 0.76 ng/g), <0.06-6.04 ng/g (mean 3.05 ng/g) based on dry weight (dw), respectively. In the vertical distributions, the SigmaHCH and SigmaDDT were in the range of <0.05-2.52 ng/g, <0.06-10.94 ng/g dw, respectively. Residues of OCPs varied significantly with different sampling sites. SigmaDDT in the surface sediments was correlated well with total organic carbon (TOC) content (r2=0.71), while SigmaHCH showed no obvious correlation. The distribution showed that the sediments from the vicinity estuary or near shore had higher TOC contents, and higher OCPs concentrations. The contamination record indicated an extensive use of OCPs in the catchments from Yangtze River in the past might greatly affect the OCP residues.     

Occurrence of 222Rn, 226Ra, 228Ra and U in groundwater in Fujian Province, China

222Rn, 226Ra, 228Ra and U were determined in a total of 552 groundwater samples collected throughout Fujian Province of China. The geometric mean concentrations of 222Rn, 226Ra, 228Ra and total U in the groundwater were 147.8 kBq m-3, 12.7 Bq m-3, 30.2 Bq m-3 and 0.54 microgram kg-1, respectively. High groundwater 222Rn was explained by the predominantly granitic rock aquifers in Fujian. A lifetime risk of 1.7 x 10(-3) was estimated for the ingestion of groundwater 222Rn. High ratios of 228Ra to 226Ra contents (geometric mean of 2.4) and their disproportion suggest that 228Ra should also be measured in the assessment of population doses from drinking water in the regions of high rock or soil 232Th. No significant correlation between the 222Rn concentrations in groundwater and air was found.     

Increased risk of preterm delivery among people living near the three oil refineries in Taiwan

The petrochemical and petroleum industries are two of the main sources of industrial air pollution in Taiwan. Data used in this study concern outdoor air pollution and the health of individuals living in communities in close proximity to oil refinery plants. The prevalence of delivery of preterm birth infants was significantly higher in mothers living near the oil refinery plants than in control mothers in Taiwan. After controlling for several possible confounders (including maternal age, season, marital status, maternal education, and infant sex), the adjusted odds ratio was 1.14 (95% CI=1.01-1.28) for delivery of preterm infants for mothers living near oil refinery plants. These data provide further support for the hypothesis that air pollution can affect the outcome of pregnancies.     

汉江流域土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应模拟研究

针对流域LUCC驱动因子众多、驱动因子与土地利用/覆被变化之间存在复杂的非线性动态关系的特点,以汉江上游流域LUCC模拟为例,构建基于人工神经网络（ANN）与元胞自动机（CA）的模拟土地利用/覆被变化的CA ANN耦合模型,并应用该模型预测汉江上游流域2020s年代的LUCC变化情景。结果表明：2020s汉江黄家港站上游流域水田、旱地、灌木林与建设用地面积均有不同程度的增加,其中建设用地增幅最大,与区域交通和城市化的迅猛发展趋势相符;除建设用地增幅变化较大之外,1980s～2000s与2000s～2020s两个时期其余土地利用/覆盖类型的面积变化率都比较相近,表明CA ANN耦合模型能够刻画土地利用/覆盖类型的转换规律,在流域土地利用/覆被变化的复杂非线性动态演变情景的模拟预测方面是可行的。在此基础上,应用SWAT分布式水文模型模拟汉江上游流域水文过程。研究结果表明：在1980s年代、2000s年代及预测的2020s年代LUCC情景下,汉江上游流域年平均径流量呈增加趋势,LUCC对径流量年内影响较汛期显著,多年平均蒸散发量呈增加趋势     

Fenton试剂-混凝法快速降解熄焦循环水中COD

以Fenton试剂氧化结合混凝法对焦化厂熄焦循环水COD进行快速去除实验,结果证明:当[Fe2+]/[H2O2]为1∶15,初始p H为3,30%H2O24.5 ml/100 ml废水时,反应90 min,COD去除率可达到90%,满足回用标准。但是,此时水的颜色较深,继续调节p H至7,加入Fe C13140 mg/L,PAM(聚丙烯酰胺)5 mg/L,搅拌5 min,静置30 min,COD去除率可达95.4%。Fenton-混凝对低浓度NH3-N几乎没有去除作用,CN-的去除率接近30%。整个处理过程中,有机物的种类和数量发生较大变化,Fenton氧化120 min后,混凝,污水基本接近无色,但仍含有单环芳香族化合物。