基于不同能源底物和营养水平的酸性矿山废水产生机制研究

硫化矿物在氧气、水和铁氧化细菌的共同作用下会形成pH值极低、富含可溶性Fe、SO₄^2-和重金属离子等的酸性矿山废水.本研究选取黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿和黄铜矿作为能源底物,以及0×9K、1/4×9K、1/2×9K、1×9K培养基作为营养水平,在氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans）的参与下,从能源底物和营养水平角度探索不同硫化矿物酸性废水的产生特点和机制.结果表明,3种硫化矿物的生物产酸能力依次为黄铁矿>磁黄铁矿≈黄铜矿.经过38 d的生化反应后,黄铁矿体系的pH值达到1.41,总Fe （TFe）和SO₄^2-浓度分别达到771.82 mg·L^-1和357.25 mg·L^-1.水体营养水平在黄铁矿的生物产酸过程中起着至关重要的作用.经过16 d的生化反应后,0×9K、1/4×9K、1/2×9K、1×9K培养基处理的终点pH值分别为1.68、1.44、1.30、1.29.根据各营养体系中Fe²⁺和TFe浓度的变化趋势,以及反应终点收集矿物的X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）,分析认为充足的营养会提高Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans的活性或密度,加快Fe²⁺生物氧化形成Fe³⁺并通过水解产酸作用合成黄钾铁矾等次生铁矿物,从而导致溶液的pH值更低.本研究所得结果对明晰酸性矿山废水形成规律具有一定的指导意义.     

辽河三角洲湿地植被生态状况变化特征分析

归一化植被指数（NDVI）是反映植被状况的重要指标,对植被生长和区域生态状况的研究具有重要意义。为探究辽河三角洲植被生态状况变化特征和未来发展趋势,基于1995—2009年的NOAA/AVHRR NDVI和2009—2020年FY3/MERSI NDVI数据,通过修正拟合和S-G滤波法构建了1995—2020年长时间序列NDVI数据集。利用趋势分析法、变异系数和Hurst指数分析辽河三角洲（盘锦地区）NDVI时空分布特征,重点研究了水田和沼泽湿地的植被生态状况变化规律和未来发展趋势。结果表明：（1）从时间变化上看,26 a间辽河三角洲NDVI呈波动增加趋势,年平均增长率为0.32%;NDVI年内呈典型的单峰型分布,最大值出现在7月下旬或8月上旬。（2）从空间变化上看,区域内NDVI呈西南—东北方向递增,最高值主要分布在水田区,次高值分布在沼泽区。（3）绝大部分水田植被逐年变好,且植被生态状况比较稳定,低波动变化区域占96.72%,未来植被生态状况将持续改善的区域占61.05%。（4）沼泽植被逐年变好的区域占97.67%,变好最明显的区域主要分布在南部沿海地区和双台子河口附近,且该区域未...     

氨基改性木屑对水中Cu(Ⅱ)/Cr(Ⅵ)的连续吸附研究

将木屑用NaClO预处理并进行氨基化改性,制备改性木屑,探讨了直接吸附Cr(Ⅵ)和Cu(Ⅱ)/Cr(Ⅵ)连续吸附及木屑改性前后对Cu(Ⅱ)和Cu(Ⅱ)/Cr(Ⅵ)连续吸附的效果,并研究了pH、实际废水等对吸附的影响。结果表明,吸附Cu(Ⅱ)后再吸附Cr(Ⅵ)比直接吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的效果更好。改性木屑对Cu(Ⅱ)和Cu(Ⅱ)/Cr(Ⅵ)连续吸附能力比原木屑分别提高78.32%和122.90%。30℃下改性木屑对Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的饱和吸附容量分别为195.70、555.56mg/g,吸附等温线可用Langmuir模型拟合。改性木屑对Cu(Ⅱ)和Cu(Ⅱ)/Cr(Ⅵ)的连续吸附过程均符合准二级动力学方程。     

Evidence for the Stepwise Behavioral Response Model (SBRM): the effects of Carbamate Pesticides on medaka (Oryzias latipes) in an online monitoring system

The Stepwise Behavioral Response Model (SBRM), which is a conceptual model, postulated that an organism displays a time-dependent sequence of compensatory Stepwise Behavioral Response (SBR) during exposure to pollutants above their respective thresholds of resistance. In order to prove the model, in this study, the behavioral responses (BRs) of medaka (Oryzias latipes) in the exposure of Arprocarb (A), Carbofuran (C) and Methomyl (M) were analyzed in an online monitoring system (OMS). The Self-Organizing Map (SOM) was utilized for patterning the obtained behavioral data in 0.1 TU (Toxic Unit), 1 TU, 2 TU, 5 TU, 10 TU and 20 TU treatments with control. Some differences among different Carbamate Pesticides (CPs) were observed in different concentrations and the profiles of behavior strength (BS) on SOM were variable depending upon levels of concentration. The time of the first significant decrease of BS (SD-BS) was in inverse ratio to the CP concentrations. Movement behavior showed by medaka mainly included No effect, Stimulation, Acclimation, Adjustment (Readjustment) and Toxic effect, which proved SBRM as a time-dependence model based on the time series BS data. Meanwhile, it was found that SBRM showed evident stress-dependence. Therefore, it was concluded that medaka SBR was both stress-dependent and time-dependent, which supported and developed SBRM, and data mining by SOM could be efficiently used to illustrate the behavioral processes and to monitor toxic chemicals in the environment.     

Air Quality Modeling of Interpollutant Trading for Ozone Precursors in an Urban Area

Abstract

Emission trading is a market‐based approach designed to improve the efficiency and economic viability of emission control programs; emission trading has typically been confined to trades among single pollutants. Interpollutant trading (IPT), as described in this work, allows for trades among emissions of different compounds that affect the same air quality end point, in this work, ambient ozone (O₃) concentrations. Because emissions of different compounds impact air quality end points differently, weighting factors or trading ratios (tons of emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) equivalent to a ton of emissions of volatile organic compounds [VOCs]) must be developed to allow for IPT. In this work, IPT indices based on reductions in O₃ concentrations and based on reductions in population exposures to O₃ were developed and evaluated using a three‐dimensional gridded photochemical model for Austin, TX, a city currently on the cusp of nonattainment with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for O₃ concentrations averaged over 8 hr. Emissions of VOC and NO_x from area and mobile sources in Austin are larger than emissions from point sources. The analysis indicated that mobile and area sources exhibited similar impacts. Trading ratios based on maximum O₃ concentration or population exposure were similar. In contrast, the trading ratios did exhibit significant (more than a factor of two) day‐to‐day variability. Analysis of the air quality modeling indicated that the daily variability in trading ratios could be attributed to daily variations in both emissions and meteorology.     

改性木屑对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能

在木屑上接枝季氨基团制备了改性木屑,并用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)对其进行了表征。通过静态实验研究了改性木屑对水溶液中六价铬Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性,并探讨了温度、p H、多组分共存离子等对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附效果的影响。结果表明,在30℃时,改性木屑对Cr(Ⅵ)的饱和吸附容量为218.33 mg/g,吸附规律符合Langmuir等温方程式。在p H为3~10时,改性木屑对Cr(Ⅵ)均有显著的吸附效能,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,反应活化能为21.71 k J/mol,对吸附热力学参数△G0、△H0和△S0的计算表明,吸附过程是吸热的自发过程。多组分干扰离子共存时,对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附影响不大。     

北运河闸坝区水体氨氧化微生物及硝化活性特征研究

采用分子荧光定量PCR对北运河闸坝区(上游沙河闸和下游杨洼闸)水体中氨氧化细菌(AOB)的amoA基因拷贝数进行定量测定,并研究了闸坝设置和排污口污水排放对AOB的amoA基因拷贝数,硝化活性(NA)和氮素转化的影响.结果表明,1在沙河闸段,AOB的amoA基因拷贝数呈现先上升后下降,排污口处又显著上升的空间变化特征,其变化范围为(1.84±0.09)×10~8~(7.12±0.36)×10~8copies·L~(-1),排污口处最高;在杨洼闸段,amoA基因拷贝数呈现先上升后下降最后趋于平稳的空间变化特征,其变化范围为(3.05±0.15)×10~8~(6.83±0.34)×10~8copies·L~(-1),下游100 m处最高.闸坝的设置和排污口污水的排放对AOB的amoA基因拷贝数和空间分布具有显著影响.2硝化活性(NA)的空间变化特征与AOB的变化特征相同.闸坝的设置和污水排放能促进水体的硝化过程,加快污染物质的降解.3沙河闸排污口处排放的NH_4~+-N可以作为AOB生长的氮源,提高硝化活性,加快NH_4~+-N全向NO_3~--N的转化,促进硝化过程的完全进行;杨洼闸段闸门的开启导致溶解氧的升高和内源NO_3~--N的释放,为AOB的生长提供氮源,提高硝化活性,但造成了NO_2~--N的积累.     

溴氨酸降解菌株的分离鉴定及特性研究

从污泥样品中分离得到一株溴氨酸降解菌,该菌株能够以溴氨酸为唯一碳、氮源及能源生长.通过形态、生理生化特性分析以及对16SrDNA序列进行同源比较,鉴定该菌株属于鞘氨醇单胞菌属,定名为Sphingomonasxenophaga .菌株的最适降解与生长条件为:pH =7 0 ,温度3 0℃,转速15 0r·min- 1 ,接种量8% .在最佳条件下,溴氨酸的降解率可达90 %以上,菌株可耐受的溴氨酸浓度为10 0 0mg·L- 1 .通过分析菌株对水杨酸、邻苯二酚及邻苯二甲酸的利用情况,推测该菌株可能通过邻苯二酚的代谢途径降解溴氨酸.     

基于数据库的农业非点源污染最佳管理措施效率评估工具构建

针对流域非点源污染的关键源区,配置最佳管理措施（BMPs,Best Management Practices）是非点源污染控制的有效途径.然而,受限于研究成本和不同地区自然地理条件的差异性,通过实地监测对BMPs削减效率进行评估的研究案例还不多见.多数相关研究仅关注单一类型BMPs的效率评估,使得研究成果仅仅适用于某些特定区域.对BMPs的潜在效益进行评估,可通过收集不同区域内BMPs的削减效率信息来实现.本文采用基于文献的BMPs效率评估方法,通过整理国内154篇关于BMPs研究的文献信息,建立适用于农业流域非点源污染控制的BMPs数据库.在此基础上,采用VBA（Visual Basic for Applications）和SQL（Structured Query Language）程序语言构建BMPs削减效率评估工具箱.该工具箱适用于非点源污染控制措施削减效率的评估,能够根据不同研究区特征,给出目标BMPs的污染负荷削减量,从而为BMPs的优选提供定量依据.以密云水库上游蛇鱼川小流域为案例研究区,根据该流域的非点源污染特征,对拟采用的BMPs进行评估,结果表明：草型植物篱、25 m河岸缓冲带、河岸带畜禽活动护栏以及集中放牧等措施控制效率最高.     

黄土高原中部麻栎宽度年表的气候响应特征初探

黄土高原是世界上水土流失最严重和生态环境最脆弱的地区之一,由于人类活动的日益频繁,森林面积急剧缩小,现有林地多为人为破坏后形成的天然次生林。目前很难在该区找到适合树轮气候学研究的老龄针叶树种,在此背景下,寻找适合开展树轮气候学研究的替代树种尤为重要。本研究以黄土高原中部桥山林区的老龄麻栎林为研究对象,为该区建立了近一百多年的标准年表（1891—2016）和差值年表（1884—2016）,评估其树轮气候学研究潜力。相关计算表明,麻栎差值年表与当年3—7月降水量相关最高（r=0.58,p＜0.001）,几乎达到了可以重建的水平。该年表还与陕西中北部旱涝指数和黄土高原西部树轮降水重建序列显著相关,共同反映了区域降水变化历史。空间相关分析也进一步说明了桥山麻栎差值年表对区域降水量变化具有较强代表性。本文首次利用黄土高原中部阔叶树种开展树轮气候学研究,发现了麻栎树轮宽度年表具有记录过去降水变化的巨大潜力。