油田含油污水生化处理技术研究及应用

国内油田在原油生产过程中的产出污水,大部分经过处理后作为水驱采油的水源,部分多余的水经过适当处理后排放,对油田周边环境造成污染.1998年国务院颁布了<关于环境保护若干问题的决定>,决定要求,2000年以前,全国所有工业污染源必须达到国家或地方规定的排放标准.     

基于质量守恒的二沉池一维通量模型

基于质量守恒定律,导出了二沉池的一维通量模型.模型考虑了二沉池表面积的变化,低浓度污泥沉降和区域沉降采用了Takács速率公式,压缩沉降采用了压缩沉降速率公式.结果表明,单元层的污泥质量守恒,模型在进水污泥浓度、进水流量、回流比及其组合的脉冲扰动下仍有较强的稳定性;二沉池出水悬浮物浓度与回流污泥浓度的模拟值分别为16.40mg/L与7.01g/L,和实测值范围15～19mg/L与646～8.32g/L较为吻合;污泥层高度的预测值为0.55m,与实测值0.45m较为一致同时,恰当地选取二沉池分层数和模拟迭代时间可以从根本上避免模拟失真,将二沉池分为30层及其以上可得到理想的模拟结果.     

重金属污染河流生态修复区挺水植物对重金属的吸收特性

为了分析比较滇东南选矿区重金属污染河流——小白河生态修复区所种植芦苇和香蒲对重金属的吸收及生态修复效果差异,于2015年4月在小白河西岸野生植物区及东岸生态修复区采集土壤及植物样品,对样品进行烘干、消解,使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定样品中铅（Pb）、锌（Zn）、铬（Cr）和镍（Ni）这4种重金属的含量,使用原子荧光光谱法测定样品中砷（As）的含量.结果表明:①小白河东岸生态修复区湿地底泥中As和Zn污染最为严重,但东岸底泥中各重金属含量已明显低于西岸,其中芦苇种植区底泥中w（As）和w（Ni）较西岸分别降低了38.82%和50.53%,香蒲种植区底泥中w（As）和w（Ni）较西岸分别降低了13.54%和21.95%.②芦苇对As、Pb、Zn和Pb、Cr以及Cr、Ni这3组重金属的吸收存在显著的协同作用,香蒲对重金属吸收的协同作用表现在As、Zn、Ni和Pb、Cr这2组重金属中,这种重金属吸收协同作用在芦苇中更明显.③芦苇对Cr的生物富集系数（BCF）较高,对Cr的转运系数（TF）为0.80,属于富集型耐受策略,芦苇对Zn和Ni属于根部囤积型耐受策略;香蒲对Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr这4种重金属的BCF较大,TF均接近1,属于富集型耐受策略,对As属于根部囤积型耐受策略.研究显示,芦苇可作为重金属污染河流生态修复区的先锋植物,香蒲的重金属生物富集效率较高,将重金属富集于地上部的能力较强,可考虑将植物分区种植的模式改为间作种植,并定期收割香蒲地上部,以使生态修复区具有更好的重金属修复效果.      

微波辐射在二氧化锰诱导下对六氯苯污染土壤的修复研究

以二氧化锰为微波吸附剂,在密封体系中研究了微波辐射技术对六氯苯污染土壤的修复效果。分别以不同浓度的酸碱水溶液添加到土壤中,在模拟含水率为20%情况下,硫酸(50%)介质下六氯苯处理效果最好,10min的微波辐射即可使50mg/kg的六氯苯达到完全去除;但是在纯水和10mol/L氢氧化钠介质下,六氯苯基本上没有去除;随着硫酸浓度的降低,六氯苯的去除率显著降低。气相色谱/质谱联用(GC/MS)分析没有检测到新物质。六氯苯去除机理推测为,直接矿化或者HCB及其分解的中间产物同土壤发生化学结合而被固定起来,以致难以萃取出来。     

纺织品防微波辐射检测方法及其仪器的研究

根据对纺织品微波性能测试方法的系统研究,针对我国纺织品防辐射检测现状和科技发展的需求,运用系统分析、有效控制方法,采用先进技术,开发完成了我国首台自行设计、自行制造,适于2,250～2,650MHz范围织物防微波辐射现代快速检测仪器。经以中国工程院院士姚穆为首的技术审定委员会审定认为:该仪器设计科学合理、结构严谨、检测快速、数据准确,关键技术达到国际先进水平。     

Fate and transport of engineered nanomaterials in the environment

With the fast development of nanotechnology, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) will inevitably be introduced into the various environment. Increasing studies showed the toxiccity of various ENMs, which raises concerns over their fate and transport in the environment. This review focuses on advances in the research on environmental transport and fate of ENMs. Aggregation and suspension behaviors of ENMs determining their fate and transport in aqueous environment are discussed, with emphasis on the influencing factors, including natural colloids, natural organic matter, pH, and ionic strength. Studies on the transport of ENMs in porous media and its influencing factors are reviewed, and transformation and organismcleansing, as two fate routes of ENMs in the environment, are addressed. Future research directions and outlook in the environmental transport and fate of ENMs are also presented.     

中国水污染源监测方法标准技术体系研究

通过梳理中国水污染源监测方法标准体系发展历程,剖析其构成及技术应用现状,对比国际先进监测技术体系,总结了中国水污染源监测方法标准体系特点,并结合国内外分析技术现状、发展趋势,提出了中国水污染源监测方法标准体系技术发展方向：一是常规监测更加自动化、智能化;二是加强重金属形态分析能力,建立ICP-MS监测方法标准;三是强化有机监测仪器、标准品和耗材研发力度,提高LC-MS、GC-MS利用率;四是建立生物监测标准方法群.     

火法铜冶炼工艺危废的资源属性评价研究

文章构建了火法铜冶炼工艺危废的资源属性评价模型.该模型可以根据危废的化学组成与含量,通过衡量铜冶炼危废中待回收元素的资源价值(RV)及可回收性(RA)分别揭示危废潜在资源价值及通过回收实现价值的可能性,从而系统揭示危废整体的资源属性.运用该模型对某火法铜冶炼企业的10种危废样品的资源属性进行了评价.结果表明,样品中砷滤...     

2009~2019年中国人为CH4排放量的估算及时空格局

以中国340个地级及以上城市为研究对象,采用自下而上的核算方法,针对农业活动、能源活动和废物处理3个一级CH₄排放源,核算2009年和2019年中国人为CH₄排放量并分析其时空格局.结果表明：2009年中国人为CH₄总排放40.71Tg,2019年为42.89Tg,CH₄排放总量在增加,排放强度和人均排放量基本保持不变.一级排放源中,农业活动、能源活动和废物处理在2009年的CH₄排放量分别为24.88Tg、12.06Tg和3.76Tg,农业活动为主要排放源,2019年三者排放量分别为16.99Tg、21.62Tg和4.28Tg,能源活动成为主要排放源;二级排放源中煤炭开采的CH₄排放最多;不同城市中各排放源的占比存在较大差异,淮安、扬州和南通农业活动排放最多,晋城、大同和太原能源活动排放最多,而北京、上海和广州以废物处理排放为主.城市人为CH₄排放存在显著的空间正相关,高排放—高聚集的城市数量减少,分布集中;低排放—低聚集的城市数量增加,分布重心向东部地区转移;局部城市空间关联类型呈现出较强的空间锁定效应和迁移惰性特征.CH₄排放强度与人均CH₄排放的区域总体差异较大;CH₄排放强度地区间Theil指数差异较大,而地区内差异较小;人均CH₄排放地区间与地区内的Theil指数差异均较小.     

Soil water depletion under various leguminous cover crops in the derived savanna of West Africa

Leguminous cover crops have the potential of making cropping systems in the tropics sustainable if they would not deplete resources such as soil water and nutrients to the detriment of companion crops. Therefore, a study was carried out at Alabata, Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria, to evaluate the effects of leguminous cover crops on soil water suctions in 1993 and 1994 in order to assess the possibility of integrating them into the farming systems of the savanna zone of West Africa. In 1993, 13 leguminous cover crops (Aeschynomene histrix, Centrosema brasilianum, Centrosema pascuorum, Chamaecrista rotundifolia, Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria verrucosa, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Lablab purpureus, Mucuna pruriens, Psophocarpus palustris, Pseudovigna argentea, Pueraria phaseoloides and Stylosanthes hamata) were planted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Maize and natural fallow (mainly Chromolaena odorata and Imperata cylindrica) were included as comparisons. Only six of the legumes (A. histrix, C. pascuorum, C. cajan, C. ochroleuca, M. pruriens, and P. phaseoloides) were included in the measurements in the 1994 new plots. Soil water suctions at various stages of legume growth were measured at daily or weekly intervals (depending on the frequency of rainfall events) using tensiometers installed at 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil depths. Soil water suctions exceeding 10 kPa (theoretical field capacity) were observed mainly between 6 and 12 weeks after planting (WAP), and by 20 WAP when cover crops had matured and rainfall frequency was very low. Soil water suctions were significantly related (r²>0.80) to dry matter between 8 and 10 WAP. The studied cover crops were classified in three groups which can be used as a guide for choosing the legumes in tropical farming systems. Soil water depletion was markedly influenced by growth characteristics of legumes and distribution of rainfall during the rainy season. Leguminous cover crops conserved soil water after their growth needs were satisfied.