Industrial land expansion in rural China threatens environmental securities

• China’s rural industrial land (RIL) area quadrupled from 1990 to 2015. • RIL expansion cost 9% of China’s crop production and threatened human/ecosystem safety. • The underprivileged population bears a disproportionally large share of the risks. China’s rural industrialization has been a major driver for its rapid economic growth during the recent decades, but its myriad environmental risks are yet to be fully understood. Based on a comprehensive national land-use data set, our study shows that the area of China’s rural industrial land (RIL) quadrupled during 1990–2015, reaching 39000 km² in 2015, comparable to urbanization in magnitude but with a much greater degree of landscape fragmentation which implies stronger ecological and environmental impacts. About 91% of the protected areas in the central China were within 50 km from rural industrial land, thus exposed to industrial disturbances. Accelerated rural industrial land expansion, particularly in regions under high geo-hazard risks, led to dramatically increased environmental risks, threatening the safety and health of both rural industrial workers and residents. Moreover, negative effects from rural industrial land expansion could partially offset the crop production growth in recent decades. The underprivileged rural population in the west bears a disproportionally large share of the increased environmental risks. China urgently needs to design and implement sustainable policies to restrict and reshape its rural industrialization. This study aims to inspire policy makers and researchers to rethink the current model of industrial expansion and improve rural industrial land planning, which is important for achieving the sustainable development goals of China.     

剧毒卡尔藻对海洋生物毒性及机制的初步研究

剧毒卡尔藻(Karlodinium veneficum)是一种有毒甲藻,近年在我国沿海已经爆发过藻华,值得关注。本文研究了剧毒卡尔藻对不同粒径、不同营养级的几种海洋生物褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)、卤虫(Artemia salina)、黑褐新糠虾(Neomysis awatschensis)、中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)存活及摄食的影响。研究发现:该藻对轮虫、卤虫存活影响较大,对黑褐新糠虾存活的影响较小,对中华哲水蚤存活几乎无影响。48 h,对轮虫的半数致死密度LC503400 cells/mL;96 h对卤虫的半数致死密度为LC504800 cells/mL;对黑褐新糠虾的半数致死密度为LC5089000 cells/mL;在89000 cells/mL的藻密度下,中华哲水蚤存活率约为80%。该藻不同组分对实验生物的影响是不同的,细胞破碎液对轮虫、黑褐新糠虾的影响最大;细胞外液对卤虫的影响最大。该藻对生物的摄食影响则发现,24 h内,轮虫、卤虫、中华哲水蚤均摄食该藻,且3种生物的摄食率随着藻密度增高而增加。可见,剧毒卡尔藻对不同生物的影响不同,其现场藻密度一般可达到104cells/mL,对轮虫、卤虫存活影响很大;该藻对生物有不同的致毒机制和致毒途径。结果表明:该藻藻华爆发,可能会对浮游生态系统产生较大影响;研究有害藻对不同粒径、不同营养级生物的影响,才可以更全面的反映出它对生态系统的危害。     

催化氧化技术在橡胶废气处理中的应用

采用催化氧化技术处理热塑性丁苯橡胶( SBS)生产装置D线后处理单元废气,废气的非甲烷总烃去除率和环己烷去除率均达到98％以上,非甲烷总烃质量浓度达到DB11/447-2007《炼油与石油化学工业大气污染物排放标准》的要求(小于100 mg/m3).对SBS生产装置凝聚单元进行两釜流程改三釜流程后,催化氧化反应器入口非甲烷总烃质量浓度由( 3.84～5.82)×103 mg/m3降至( 2.48～2.63)×103 mg/m3,反应器出口非甲烷总烃质量浓度均小于50 mg/m3.凝聚单元改造并采用催化氧化技术处理废气后,每年节约费用约80万元.     

变压吸附技术在沼气提纯中的应用

比较各种沼气利用方式,其中沼气提纯净化能量损失最小,能量输出率超过79.6%,是最有前景的一种利用方式。另外,在多种沼气提纯方法中,变压吸附沼气提纯方法具有成本低、能耗低、效率高以及装置自动化程度高等特点,在国外得到广泛的应用,国内亦有工程实例。我国变压吸附沼气提纯技术还不成熟,有待进一步改进。针对我国沼气工程特点,适宜开发高效的小型化、移动式的成套变压吸附装置。     

Electrophysiological responses of Dendroctonus armandi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to volatiles of Chinese white pine as well as to pure enantiomers and racemates of some monoterpenes

To better understand the attractiveness of host tree, Chinese white pines (Pinus armandi Fr.) to Chinese white pine beetle (Dendroctonus armandi Tsai and Li), the antennal responses of D. armandi to the host volatile, as well as the pure enantiomers and racemates of some monoterpenes, were examined using an electroantennogram (EAG). EAG responses of male and female D. armandi to blended volatiles extracted from the host and some synthetic terpenes (α-phellandrene, (−)-β-pinene, (+)-α-pinene, (−)-α-pinene, (−)-camphene, β-myrcene, (S)-(−)-limonene, (+)-camphene and (R)-(+)-limonene) showed significant variation due to different compound concentrations and sex of the beetles. EAG responses to extracted blended volatiles were significantly greater in females than in males, but the EAG response was not always proportional to the volatile concentration. At lower concentrations, females responded strongly to α-phellandrene and males to (−)-β-pinene, while at higher concentrations, females responded most strongly to α-phellandrene and males to (+)-α-pinene. Females were significantly responsive to (−)-α-pinene, α-phellandrene and (−)-camphene, while males were more responsive to (S)-(−)-limonene, (+)-α-pinene and (R)-(+)-limonene. The EAG responses of the female D. armandi to the volatile oil were significantly higher than that of the males, and the infested pine volatiles could evoke higher EAG response. Most of the test compounds elicited similar responses, which suggested that several of the compounds may be used in combination by D. armandi in habitat and/or host community location at the Qinling forest ecosystem.     

膜生物反应器无剩余污泥排放的研究

本文介绍了以膜生物反应器为基础的剩余污泥产量最少或无剩余污泥产生的最新的污水处理理论和技术。从技术微生物基本生命活动的物质转化概念和细胞产生和平衡的理论,提出了确定维持微生物基本生命活动的物质转化系数的方法,从理论与实验上计实了膜生物反应器无剩余污泥排放的可能性。     

Self-healing passivation of pyrite at ambient temperature

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Acid mine drainage is highly acidic and contains heavy metals, which can be harmful to soil, water, plants, and animals. To solve this issue, surface passivation...     

New insights into the formation of ammonium nitrate from a physical and chemical level perspective

● Factor analysis of ammonium nitrate formation based on thermodynamic theory. ● Aerosol liquid water content has important role on the ammonium nitrate formation. ● Contribution of coal combustion and vehicle exhaust is significant in haze periods. High levels of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is linked to poor air quality and premature deaths, so haze pollution deserves the attention of the world. As abundant inorganic components in PM_2.5, ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) formation includes two processes, the diffusion process (molecule of ammonia and nitric acid move from gas phase to liquid phase) and the ionization process (subsequent dissociation to form ions). In this study, we discuss the impact of meteorological factors, emission sources, and gaseous precursors on NH₄NO₃ formation based on thermodynamic theory, and identify the dominant factors during clean periods and haze periods. Results show that aerosol liquid water content has a more significant effect on ammonium nitrate formation regardless of the severity of pollution. The dust source is dominant emission source in clean periods; while a combination of coal combustion and vehicle exhaust sources is more important in haze periods. And the control of ammonia emission is more effective in reducing the formation of ammonium nitrate. The findings of this work inform the design of effective strategies to control particulate matter pollution.     

新型防粘闭污水土地处理系统的研究与应用

对新型污水土地处理系统进行了研究 ,并详细分析了该系统具有较好处理效果且不发生堵塞的原因 ,总结了该系统的优缺点     

清污分质法处理啤酒废水的工程应用

分析了应用厌氧UASB技术分质处理啤酒高浓度酿造废水,并将此废水与其他低浓度废水混合进入新型生物接触氧化工艺处理。根据工艺的设计、调试和工程实际运行情况表明,该工艺具有技术先进、高效低耗、运行稳定、投资省、管理简单、出水水质好等特点。