社会组织应对突发性海洋灾害存在的问题、原因与对策

我国社会组织在突发性海洋灾害应对中存在着参与水平不高、有效配合不足的问题,这与"强国家-弱社会"的传统格局、社会组织相关立法不健全、志愿者动员不充分因素有关。因此,需要通过整合社会组织内部资源,强化自身力量;优化权责分配,建立健全政府与社会组织协同应对的机制;强化公民参与的主体意识,提高公民参与能力等途径,来加强社会组织应对突发性海洋灾害的能力。     

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of dietary Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide against TCDD-induced hepatic injury and RT-PCR quantification of AHR2, ARNT2, CYP1A mRNA in Jian Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

To evaluate the protective effects of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GPS) against 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced hepatotoxicity in Jian carp, the fish were fed diets containing GPS at doses of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg for 60 days before an intraperitoneal injection of 0.6 μg/kg TCDD at a volume of 0.05 mL/10 g body weight. At 72 hr post-injection, blood and liver samples were taken for biochemical analysis and the fish liver samples were used for the preparation of pathological slices. The results showed that increases in alanine aminotransferase (GPT), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in serum induced by TCDD were significantly inhibited by pre-treatment with 1.0 g/kg GPS. Following the 1.0 g/kg GPS pre-treatment, total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in liver tissue increased significantly, malondialdehyde (MDA) formation (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) was significantly inhibited, and the expression of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A), aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (AHR2) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 (ARNT2) mRNA (P < 0.05) was significantly enhanced. Histological observations on fish liver were obtained by preparing paraffin tissue sections via HE staining, and the results showed that histological changes were obviously reduced by 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg GPS. GPS significantly reduced liver tissue damage caused by TCDD. Overall, these results proved the hepatoprotective effect of GPS in protecting against fish liver injury induced by TCDD, and supported the use of GPS (1.0 g/kg) as a hepatoprotective and antioxidant agent in fish.     

Effect of current emission abatement strategies on air quality improvement in China: A case study of Baotou, a typical industrial city in Inner Mongolia

The nationalAirPollutionPreventionandControlActionPlanrequiredsignificant decreases inPM2.5 levels overChina.Toexploremoreeffectiveemissionabatement strategies inindustrialcities,acasestudywasconductedinBaotoutoevaluatethecurrent national controlmeasures.ThetotalemissionsofSO2, NOX, PM2.5 and NMVOC (non-methanevolatileorganiccompounds)inBaotouwere211.2Gg,156.1Gg,28.8Gg, and 48.5Gg,respectivelyin2013,andtheywouldexperienceareductionof30.4%,26.6%, 15.1%, and8.7%,respectivelyin2017and39.0%,32.0%,24.4%,and12.9%,respectivelyin 2020. TheSO2, NOX and PM2.5 emissionsfromtheindustrialsectorwouldexperiencea greater decrease,withreductionsof37%,32.7and24.3%,respectively.From2013to2020, the concentrationsofSO2, NO2, andPM2.5 are expectedtodeclinebyapproximately30%, 10% and14.5%,respectively.ThereductionrateofSNA(sulfate,nitrateandammonium) concentrationswassignificantlyhigherthanthatofPM2.5 in 2017,implyingthatthecurrent key strategytowardcontrollingairpollutantsfromtheindustrialsectorismorepowerful for SNA.Althoughairpollutioncontrolmeasuresimplementedintheindustrialsector could greatlyreducetotalemissions,constrainingtheemissionsfromlowersourcessuch as residentialcoalcombustionwouldbemoreeffectiveindecreasingtheconcentrationof PM2.5 from 2017to2020.Theseresultssuggestthatevenforatypicalindustrialcity,the reduction ofPM2.5 concentrationsnotonlyrequiresdecreasesinemissionsfromthe industrial sector,butalsofromthelowemissionsources.Theseasonalvariationinsulfate concentrationalsoshowedthatemissionfromcoal-burningisthekeyfactortocontrol during theheatingseason.     

Pollution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in common used mineral oils and their transformation during oil regeneration

The pollution characteristic of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in common used mineral oils, semi-refined oils, refined oils and solid wastes produced during the used mineral oil regeneration process was analyzed. The results showed that total PAHs content in six common used mineral oils was as follows: used engine oil used quenching oil used casting oil used hydraulic oil used antirust oil used industrial lubricating oil. Furthermore, this order was dependent on the source of PAHs and oil working temperatures. Additionally, total PAHs content in regenerated oils was as follows: semi-refined oil refined oil crude oil, which was related to the catalytic cracking process of crude oil and adsorption refining process of semi-refined oil. The ranking of total PAHs content in regenerated wastes varied depending on the regeneration technology used as follows: waste adsorption sand acid sludge waste clay precipitation sludge cracked residue. In all types of used mineral oils and regenerated wastes, the maximum and minimum proportions of the total PAHs content were composed of 2–3 ring-PAHs and 5–6 ring-PAHs, respectively. The majority of PAHs in the used mineral oils entered into regenerated wastes during regeneration process, while a small number remained in the regenerated oil.     

Genotoxicity of drinking water treated with different disinfectants and effects of disinfection conditions detected by umu-test

The genotoxicity of drinking water treated with 6 disinfection methods and the effects of disinfection conditions were investigated using the umu-test. The pretreatment procedure of samples for the umu-test was optimized for drinking water analysis. The results of the umu-test were in good correlation with those of the Ames-test. The genotoxicity and production of haloacetic acids (HAAs) were the highest for chlorinated samples. UV + chloramination is the safest disinfection method from the aspects of genotoxicity, HAA production and inactivation effects. For chloramination, the effects of the mass ratio of Cl₂ to N of chloramine on genotoxicity were also studied. The changes of genotoxicity were different from those of HAA production, which implied that HAA production cannot represent the genotoxic potential of water. The genotoxicity per chlorine decay of chlorination and chloramination had similar trends, indicating that the reaction of organic matters and chlorine made a great contribution to the genotoxicity. The results of this study are of engineering significance for optimizing the operation of waterworks.     

模糊数学法在晋江水质评价中的应用研究

利用模糊数学综合评价法,选取溶解氧(DO)、高锰酸钾指数(CODMn)、氨氮(NH3-N)、总磷(TP)、六价铬[Cr(Ⅵ)]做为指标对2010年-2014年泉州湾河口湿地晋江流域石砻断面进行水质综合评价与分析,并将评价结果与综合污染指数法的评价结果进行对比.结果显示:在模糊数学评价法中2010、2012、2014年均为Ⅱ类水质,2011和2013年为Ⅰ类水质;评价结果与综合污染指数法的基本一致.表明2010年-2014年晋江流域石砻断面水质良好,模糊数学综合法在水质评价中可行.     

冷轧钢铁加工行业危险废物产污特征研究

采用资料调查、问卷调查及现场调查相结合的方法,研究了冷轧钢铁加工行业危险废物产污特征.研究表明冷轧钢铁加工行业危险废物的产生主要来源于酸洗、轧制、污水处理等环节,危险废物种类主要是废酸(HW34)、乳化液(HW09)、废矿物油(HW08)、表面处理废物(HW17)等.废酸、表面处理废物是控制企业危废产生量的关键因素,提高酸洗工艺效率、废酸循环利用能从源头上减少危险废物的产生和排放,有效降低危险废物的产生量.     

“16·7”江汉至黄淮华北极端强降雨过程决策气象服务分析

通过分析2016年7月18~21日江汉至黄淮华北等地极端强降雨过程特点和预报服务情况,从决策气象服务的角度,深度剖析国家级气象预报和服务之间的关系,提炼气象服务的亮点。为了更好分析2016年7月18~21日强降雨过程预报服务特点,将其与2012年7月21日华北地区极端强降雨过程预报和气象服务情况对比,突显此次降雨过程的极端性,总结气象服务的不足,提出改进思路和措施,积累极端降雨过程气象服务经验,为今后极端事件的气象服务提供参考。     

绿色屋面不同基质组分对降雨径流水质和水量的影响

通过模拟降雨强度50~80 mm的降雨实验,研究了3种常用基质(商业基质、火山岩基质和田园土基质)绿色屋面的径流滞留率和径流水质的特点.结果表明:商业基质的径流滞留率最高,达到48.6%,火山岩基质和田园土基质的滞留率分别为33.6%和30.4%;随着降雨历时的延长,3种基质屋面径流中各水质参数浓度呈现出逐渐降低的趋势,但是,随着降雨强度的加大,商业基质径流中TN浓度和COD呈现出逐渐升高的趋势,而火山岩和田园土基质径流水质参数未呈现出明显变化;田园土基质屋面径流EC、TN、COD、TP和TSS的浓度均值高达3973.54、36.96、503.67、2.64和92.02 mg·L~(-1),显著高于商业基质屋面和火山岩基质屋面;商业基质屋面能够有效地中和模拟降雨的pH,且径流中EC、TP和TSS浓度与火山岩基质屋面径流无明显差异.但是,这2种基质屋面径流中TN和COD的浓度(商业基质:17.47 mg·L~(-1)和87.99 mg·L~(-1),火山岩基质:10.95 mg·L~(-1)和157.85 mg·L~(-1))均超出国家地表水环境质量V类标准;通过综合分析3种屋面基质径流滞留率和径流水质,认为商业基质是我国北方地区较为适宜的绿色屋面基质.研究结果可为绿色屋面的科学构建和城市暴雨径流管理提供科学依据,并为我国海绵城市的建设提供重要的理论依据.     

土壤与地下水中DNAPL的污染机理与调查技术＊

文章根据DNAPL(密度大于水的化学物质)的性质与特点,阐明其污染动力、扩散模式和污染相态,并根据实际工作经验总结了三条污染判别依据和两大类污染调查技术,对获知土壤与地下水中污染的分布状况起到重要参考作用。