黄河河口磷酸盐的缓冲作用探讨

河口区,磷酸盐浓度在很宽的盐度范围变化很小,甚至不变,对此提出悬浮物和沉积物对磷有缓冲作用。我们认为解吸吸附反应是其缓冲机制,从而进行了大量的模拟实验,并加以系统的分析。     

论湘中城市群经济的融合耦动与可持续发展

本文以湘中（长株潭）城市群作为研究对象,概述了湘中城市群经济融合的总体特征,对其城市群空间生长演化过程中存在的问题和应采取的对策,经济如何实现可持续发展进行了探讨。     

Growth responses of the newly-discovered Cd-hyperaccumulator Rorippa globosa and its accumulation characteristics of Cd and As under joint stress of Cd and As

Rorippa globosa has been identified as a newly-found Cd-hyperaccumulating species. In the present study, growth responses of Rorippa globosa and its accumulation characteristics of Cd and As were examined under joint stress of Cd and As. The results showed that Cd and As had an antagonistic effect on enhancing the growth of Rorippa globosa plants and Cd uptake and accumulation under the low concentration Cd and As treatments. When the concentration of Cd in the soil was 10 mg/kg and the concentration of As was 50 mg/kg, the highest growing height of the plant was up to 35.9 cm and the dry weight of the shoots was up to 2.2 g/pot, respectively. Meanwhile, the accumulation of Cd in the leaves under the joint stress was higher than that at the same level under single Cd pollution. However, there were synergic adverse effects on plant growth and Cd uptake under the combined pollution from a high concentration of Cd and As. Meanwhile, the accumulation of As in the roots was greater than that in the shoots, the translocation factor (TF) was ?0.3 and the bioaccumulation factor (BF) was ?0.6, thus showing that Rorippa globosa had an excluding effect on As uptake. These results confirmed that Rorippa globosa had a strong tolerant ability to the joint stress of Cd and As, and the potential for phytoremediation of soils contaminated by Cd and As.     

Activated carbon coated palygorskite as adsorbent by activation and its adsorption for methylene blue

An activation process for developing the surface and porous structure of palygorskite/carbon(PG/C) nanocomposite using ZnC l2 as activating agent was investigated. The obtained activated PG/C was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis(BET) techniques. The effects of activation conditions were examined,including activation temperature and impregnation ratio. With increased temperature and impregnation ratio, the collapse of the palygorskite crystal structure was found to accelerate and the carbon coated on the surface underwent further carbonization. XRD and SEM data confirmed that the palygorskite structure was destroyed and the carbon structure was developed during activation. The presence of the characteristic absorption peaks of C_C and C–H vibrations in the FTIR spectra suggested the occurrence of aromatization. The BET surface area improved by more than 11-fold(1201 m2/g for activated PG/C vs. 106 m2/g for PG/C) after activation, and the material appeared to be mainly microporous. The maximum adsorption capacity of methylene blue onto the activated PG/C reached 351 mg/g. The activated PG/C demonstrated better compressive strength than activated carbon without palygorskite clay.     

Do vehicular emissions dominate the source of C6–C8 aromatics in the megacity Shanghai of eastern China?

The characteristic ratios of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) to i-pentane, the indicator of vehicular emissions, were employed to apportion the vehicular and non-vehicular contributions to reactive species in urban Shanghai. Two kinds of tunnel experiments, one tunnel with more than 90% light duty gasoline vehicles and the other with more than 60% light duty diesel vehicles, were carried out to study the characteristic ratios of vehicle-related emissions from December 2009 to January 2010. Based on the experiments, the characteristic ratios of C6–C8aromatics to i-pentane of vehicular emissions were 0.53 ± 0.08(benzene), 0.70 ± 0.12(toluene),0.41 ± 0.09(m,p-xylenes), 0.16 ± 0.04(o-xylene), 0.023 ± 0.011(styrene), and 0.15 ± 0.02(ethylbenzene), respectively. The source apportionment results showed that around 23.3% of C6–C8 aromatics in urban Shanghai were from vehicular emissions, which meant that the non-vehicular emissions had more importance. These findings suggested that emission control of non-vehicular sources, i.e. industrial emissions, should also receive attention in addition to the control of vehicle-related emissions in Shanghai. The chemical removal of VOCs during the transport from emissions to the receptor site had a large impact on the apportionment results. Generally, the overestimation of vehicular contributions would occur when the VOC reaction rate constant with OH radicals(k OH) was larger than that of the vehicular indicator, while for species with smaller k OH than the vehicular indicator, the vehicular contribution would be underestimated by the method of characteristic ratios.     

HF对Cu-SSZ-13/堇青石的原位合成及脱除NO_x的影响

以Cu-TEPA为模板剂原位水热合成一系列具有优良deNOx特性的Cu-SSZ-13/堇青石整体式催化剂.为进一步改善其氨的选择性催化还原氮氧化物的活性,在制备过程中添加HF对原位制备Cu-SSZ-13/堇青石整体式催化剂进行改性.利用XRD、SEM、XPS、BET、ICP-AES等对样品进行了表征.结果表明,当nHF/nAl在0.015—0.0375时,晶化72 h的Cu-SSZ-13/堇青石表现出了优异的脱硝性能和抗老化性能,其最大转化率为99.8%,NOx转化率保持在90%以上的最宽活性温度窗口为280—640℃,而无HF的新鲜样品的NOx转化率保持在90%以上的活性温度窗口为300—580℃;720℃老化50 h处理后,nHF/nAl=0.015—0.0375样品的NOx转化率保持在90%以上的最宽活性温度窗口为360—520℃,未添加HF的老化样品相应的活性温度窗口为400—500℃.无论新鲜还是老化,nHF/nAl=0.015—0.0375样品在低温段200—300℃和高温段500—700℃的NOx转化率基本都大于未添加HF的样品.结合表征结果,在催化剂原位水热合成过程中HF的加入既提高了样品的相对结晶度和负载量,又增大了样品的比表面积和比孔容,且提高了Cu-SSZ-13/堇青石骨架结构的稳定性,进而在一定程度上改善了Cu-SSZ-13/堇青石的高温脱硝活性和水热稳定性.     

基于“人工智能”驱动的农村生活污水系统治理专栏序言

伴随流域水污染控制与治理工作的深入,农村分散生活污水治理逐渐成为制约流域水环境改善的关键.同时,农村生活污水治理是人居环境提升、美丽乡村建设以及乡村振兴战略实施的集中体现,事关广大农村居民的切身利益.本专栏是国家水专项“分散污水治理课题”团队近年来科研成果的总结,从污水治理的全生命周期角度出发,尝试通过人工智能赋能治理模式决策、“菜单式”工艺组合、设施运维与监管、长效管理等4个方面对研究和实践进行了梳理总结,构建基于人工智能驱动的农村生活污水治理决策支持系统,以期为北运河流域以及其他区域农村生活污水治理提供科技支撑.     

陶粒窑协同处置电镀污泥试验中Zn、Cr的迁移特性

为了合理处置固体废物 , 利用陶粒回转窑进行了协同处置固体废物试验,分析了Zn和Cr的分布规律和固化机理,并对Zn和Cr的环境风险进行评估. 结果表明:在陶粒窑协同处置电镀污泥系统中,89.70%的Zn和89.32%的Cr被固定在陶粒中,10.30%的Zn和10.68%的Cr富集在飞灰中,飞灰中Zn和Cr的含量较高,但飞灰参与陶粒窑系统内循环;热力学平衡计算表明,在陶粒中,Zn主要以ZnCr₂O₄、ZnO、ZnFe₂O₄等形态存在,Cr主要以Cr₂O₃和铬尖晶石等形态存在. 成品陶粒中Zn和Cr的浸出浓度远低于GB 5085.3—2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性标准》标准限值,说明ZnCr₂O₄、ZnO、Cr₂O₃和铬尖晶石等物质结构稳定,重金属Zn和Cr在陶粒中实现了良好的固化. 研究显示,绝大部分的Zn和Cr被固定在陶粒中,并且陶粒中重金属的浸出浓度低于标准限值,因此利用陶粒窑协同处置高重金属含量的电镀污泥安全可行.