赤霉酸暴露对SD大鼠青春期发育的影响

赤霉酸是目前国内外使用极其广泛的一种植物生长调节剂,但是针对其发育毒性的数据依然较少。本文探讨了赤霉酸暴露对SD大鼠青春期发育的影响。参考国内外环境内分泌干扰物危害的评价方法,将144只初断乳SD大鼠按体重随机分为4组,分别为对照组和1、10、100 mg·kg-1bw剂量组,采用经口灌胃方式对雄鼠连续染毒28 d,雌鼠连续染毒21 d。暴露结束后检测大鼠的体重、食物利用率、雄鼠包皮分离时间/雌鼠阴道开口时间、血清生化指标、脏器系数及组织病理学的变化。研究结果表明,与对照组相比,仅10和100 mg·kg-1bw剂量组雄鼠的肌酐水平显著升高(P<0.01),100 mg·kg-1bw剂量组雌鼠谷丙转氨酶水平有显著升高(P<0.01)。而与对照组相比,所有剂量组均未观察到大鼠的体重、食物利用率、雄鼠包皮分离时间/雌鼠阴道开口时间、脏器系数等指标有显著性差异的改变(P>0.05),组织病理学结果亦显示大鼠重要器官无损害性改变。因此,在本试验给予的剂量范围内赤霉酸染毒不会对SD大鼠青春期发育产生显著影响。     

肠道微生物对土壤中铜、锌、锰生物可给性的影响

为了更全面、准确地评价土壤中金属元素对人体的健康风险,研究土壤中金属元素在结肠阶段的生物可给性具有重要意义。通过采集我国一些地区的6种土壤,利用in vitro方法(PBET和SHIME联用)研究土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn在胃、小肠、结肠阶段的生物可给性。研究显示,土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn在胃阶段的生物可给性分别为23.8%~63.0%、21.2%~64.4%、11.7%~35.6%;从胃阶段到小肠阶段,土壤中Cu的生物可给性提高了0.4%~14.4%,而土壤中Zn在小肠阶段的生物可给性降低了6.7%~38.7%。结肠阶段,土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn的生物可给性分别为2.4%~12.9%、5.7%~18.7%、6.2%~18.9%,与小肠阶段相比,分别降低了21.7%~56.9%、0.4%~36.8%、4.5%~19.1%。结果表明,在肠道微生物存在的情况下,土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn在结肠阶段有较低的人体健康风险。     

Changes of Soil Microbiological Properties Caused by Land Use Changing From Rice–Wheat Rotation to Vegetable Cultivation

A survey was done recently in Jiaxing city of Zhejiang Province in the Yangtze River Delta to compare the differences of soil microbiological properties among paddy soils with different land use including continuous open-field vegetable cultivation (OFVC), plastic-greenhouse vegetable cultivation (PGVC) and traditional rice–wheat rotation (RWR). The soil types included are percolating, permeable and waterlogged paddy soils. The results indicate that the microbial flora was markedly changed as the land use changed for all the three soil types. In continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, the bacteria amounts decreased dramatically, but the fungal and actinomyce amounts increased as compared with RWR soils. The dehydrogenase activities decreased significantly in vegetable soils, especially in PGVC soils as compared with RWR soils. The microbial biomass C and the total phospholipid contents (TPL) in vegetable cultivation soil greatly decreased as compared with RWR soils. Biolog analysis indicated that the kinds of carbon sources that could be metabolized by native microbes in PGVC soils greatly decreased as compared with OFVC soils and RWR soils, revealing that microbial diversity had decreased since land use change. The activities of some soil enzymes including urease, invertase and phosphase were all lower in OFVC soils than those in RWR soils, and those in PGVC soils were the lowest. The degradation of microbiological activities in continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, as compared with RWR soils might have been caused by soil acidification and accumulation of salts due to overuse of both organic and inorganic fertilizers in vegetable cultivation.     

Occurrence and fate of hormone steroids in the environment

Hormone steroids are a group of endocrine disruptors, which are excreted by humans and animals. In this paper, we briefly review the current knowledge on the fate of these steroids in the environment. Natural estrogenic steroids estrone (E1), 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3) all have a solubility of approximately 13 mg/l, whereas synthetic steroids 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2) and mestranol (MeEE2) have a solubility of 4.8 and 0.3 mg/l, respectively. These steroids have a moderate binding on sediments and are reported to degrade rapidly in soil and water. Estrogenic steroids have been detected in effluents of sewage treatment plants (STPs) in different countries at concentrations ranging up to 70 ng/l for E1, 64 ng/l for E2, 18 ng/l for E3 and 42 ng/l for EE2. E2 concentrations in river waters from Japan, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands ranged up to 27 ng/l. In addition, E2 concentrations ranging from 6 to 66 ng/l have also been measured in mantled karst aquifers in northwest Arkansas. This contamination of ground water has been associated with poultry litter and cattle manure waste applied on the land. Although hormone steroids have been detected at a number of sources worldwide, currently, there is limited data on the environmental behaviour and fate of these hormone steroids in different environmental media. Consequently, the exposure and risk associated with these chemicals are not adequately understood.     

莆田市O3污染来源解析模拟研究

福建省莆田市作为典型的海滨城市,自2015年以来以O₃为首要污染物的天数逐年增加.为了制定科学有效的减排措施,减轻莆田市的O₃污染,以2016年莆田市O₃污染高发的7—9月为研究时段,通过观测数据分析、空气质量模型敏感性分析和O₃来源追踪方法分析了莆田市近地面O₃生成控制区,以及O₃及其生成前体物NO_x与VOCs的区域和行业来源.结果表明:①莆田市西部地区为NO_x控制区,而东部沿海地区则为VOCs控制区.②莆田市ρ（NO_x）与ρ（VOCs）主要来自本地排放贡献,二者本地排放的贡献率分别为69.4%与64.2%,而本地排放对莆田市ρ（O₃）的贡献率仅为21.0%,福建省福州市和泉州市对莆田市ρ（O₃）的贡献率之和为37.6%,外来输送贡献率较大的为浙江省,其贡献率为11.6%.莆田市O₃的外来输送不仅发生在ρ（O₃）较高的时段,在ρ（O₃）较低的时段也占了很大的比例.③莆田市工业源对本地排放ρ（O₃）贡献率最大,达57%,其次是机动车源.④通过敏感性时间序列分析得出,同时削减10%的NO_x和VOCs排放,能使莆田市国控点位平均ρ（O₃）峰值下降约5 μg/m3.研究显示,莆田市NO_x与VOCs主要来自本地排放,O₃受外来输送影响较大,推进本地工业NO_x和VOCs污染的治理与加强机动车尾气的污染控制是减轻本地O₃污染的有效方法.      

上海港船舶大气污染物排放清单研究

建立可靠的船舶排放清单不仅是大气环境科学领域对船舶排放影响进行定量研究的重要基础,也是管理部门制定污染减排措施和政策的重要依据.以常规大气污染物和温室气体为研究对象,采用由下而上的动力法对进出上海港船舶排放进行了研究.通过对上海港船舶进出签证数、船舶种类、吨位分布、运行工况、排放因子和燃油校正因子等多要素开展调查和分析,获得了上海港外港和内河9种船种和4种运行工况条件下大气污染物和温室气体排放总量,并结合船舶自动识别系统(AIS)确定了1 km×1 km网格精度的大气污染物和温室气体的排放空间分布.结果表明:2010年,上海港船舶排放PM100.46万t,PM2.5 0.37万t,柴油颗粒物(DPM)0.44万t,NOx5.73万t,SOx3.54万t,CO 0.49万t,碳氧化合物(HC)0.21万t;排放温室气体CO2 288.55万t,N2O 0.01万t,Cn4 0.004万t.与全市排放清单总量相比,上海港船舶排放对SO2、NOx和PM2.5的排放影响最为显著,分担率分别达到12.0％、9.0％和5.3％.其中,以远洋船为首要来源,其排放量对全市排放清单的分担率分别为12.0％、8.4％和5.1％.     

炭法烟气脱硫技术研究进展

炭法烟气脱硫技术经半个多世纪的发展，在脱硫剂、脱硫工艺、脱硫原理及联合脱除氮氧化物和有毒物质等方面取得了许多进展。在概述炭法烟气脱硫技术研究进展的同时，分析了制约炭法烟气脱硫技术发展的原因并对炭法烟气脱硫技术的发展方向提出了几点建议。     

A highly resolved temporal and spatial air pollutant emission inventory for the Pearl River Delta region, China and its uncertainty assessment

A highly resolved temporal and spatial Pearl River Delta (PRD) regional emission inventory for the year 2006 was developed with the use of best available domestic emission factors and activity data. The inventory covers major emission sources in the region and a bottom–up approach was adopted to compile the inventory for those sources where possible. The results show that the estimates for SO₂, NO_x, CO, PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and VOC emissions in the PRD region for the year 2006 are 711.4 kt, 891.9 kt, 3840.6 kt, 418.4 kt, 204.6 kt, and 1180.1 kt, respectively. About 91.4% of SO₂ emissions were from power plant and industrial sources, and 87.2% of NO_x emissions were from power plant and mobile sources. The industrial, mobile and power plant sources are major contributors to PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 emissions, accounting for 97.7% of the total PM₁₀ and 97.2% of PM_2.5 emissions, respectively. Mobile, biogenic and VOC product-related sources are responsible for 90.5% of the total VOC emissions. The emissions are spatially allocated onto grid cells with a resolution of 3 km × 3 km, showing that anthropogenic air pollutant emissions are mainly distributed over PRD central-southern city cluster areas. The preliminary temporal profiles were established for the power plant, industrial and on-road mobile sources. There is relatively low uncertainty in SO₂ emission estimates with a range of −16% to +21% from power plant sources, medium to high uncertainty for the NO_x emissions, and high uncertainties in the VOC, PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and CO emissions.     

城市河流水质常规评价技术研究

运用综合水质标识指数法,对我国河流水质评价面临的关键技术问题,包括水质评价方法、水质评价项目,水质级别评价,水环境功能区达标评价、水质定性评价、河流及水系整体水质比较、水质随时间和空间变化等作了明确界定,并介绍了在上海河流水质评价中的应用。     

环境工程在某枪族研制过程中的应用

根据某枪族研制过程中按GJB 4239开展的环境工程工作,介绍了型号环境工程工作体系建立、环境工程工作计划制订、环境技术要求确定、环境适应性设计原则以及如何开展环境试验与评价.通过环境工程工作开展,提高了型号研制单位对环境工程的重视程度,建立的工程方法提高了枪族环境适应性水平,.可用于指导类似装备的环境工程应用.同时还提出,要充分发挥环境工程对装备环境适应性的保障作用,还需加强环境工程相关标准的宣贯、培训及配套标准的建立,提高装备研制生产各方对环境工程工作的认识.