黟县发展乡村旅游的SWOT分析及对策研究

运用SWOT分析法，对黟县乡村旅游发展的优势、劣势、机会、威胁进行了分析，认为黟县依托西递、宏村两处世界文化遗产，乡村旅游的发展取得了一定成就，但也存在一些深层次结构性欠缺和矛盾。在激烈的竞争和旅游形势变化的环境下，黟县应采取一系列有效策略和措施，促进乡村旅游的快速、持续发展。     

江苏省交通运输业能源消费碳排放及脱钩效应

通过自上而下的计算方法,测算了江苏省1995～2010年交通运输行业能源消费碳排放量和人均碳排放量,并结合行业自身发展特点,扩展了Kaya恒等式,运用LMDI分解法进行分解分析。同时,在上述基础上采用Tapio模型对江苏省交通碳排放与交通运输业经济发展的脱钩关系进行了探讨。研究发现:(1)江苏省交通碳排放量与人均碳排量均呈明显上升趋势,其中石油制品类能源消费碳排放表现突出;(2)正向驱动交通碳排放量增加的因素为经济产出、人口规模和产业结构,负向驱动因素为交通能源结构和交通能源强度。其中,拉动碳排放量增长的决定性因素是经济产出规模的扩大,而促使碳排放减少的主要因素是交通能源强度的降低,相对于正向驱动因素,负向驱动因素抑制交通碳排放增加作用有限;(3)交通碳排放量变化与运输业经济发展之间的脱钩状态以扩张负连接、扩张负脱钩和弱脱钩为主,脱钩关系总体呈先恶化后改善的趋势,但要完全实现两者的绝对脱钩,依然任重道远     

土壤调查中采样点定位方法浅谈

探讨了通过互联网利用Google Earth以及中文地图网页对全国土壤污染状况调查中的采样点进行定位的方法，阐述了必要的操作步骤及应用技巧。应用此方法可大大提高土壤样品采集的工作效率，但同时也存在一些不足之处。     

餐厨垃圾厌氧消化过酸化系统微生态特征的宏基因组学分析

过酸化失稳是困扰有机废物厌氧消化（AD）过程高效稳定运行的一大难题.为探析不同诱导方式造成过酸化的AD系统微生态特征差异,在餐厨垃圾中温AD反应器中分别引入负荷扰动（R2）、温度及搅拌扰动（R3）以诱发系统过酸化,利用宏基因组学测序技术,对比考察稳定与酸化系统微生物群落结构及主要产甲烷功能路径差异.结果表明,两种方式均成功诱发系统过酸化失稳,过酸化系统中挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）过量富集（R2、R3系统中分别高达（12.53±1.96） g·L^-1和（8.00±0.81） g·L^-1）的同时,丙酸等多碳VFA组分比例大幅升高.R2、R3系统酸化后其产甲烷菌及相关酶受到高浓度VFA的显著抑制,酸积累程度更高的R2受抑制更为明显.且经相关性分析发现,多碳酸尤其是丙酸是抑制产甲烷作用的关键因素.与R2相比,R3具有更高的耗氢能力,耗氢微生物如可耗H₂产酸的Treponema属和氢营养型产甲烷菌Methanoculleus属、Methanospirillum属等相对丰度显著高于R2.酸化系统均以乙酸营养型产甲烷为主要的产甲烷途径,并以Methanosaeta属为主要的乙酸型产甲烷菌.酸化系统中更高含量的乙酸产甲烷途径的AK-PTA酶有利于促进对乙酸的利用,增强厌氧消化微生物菌群对高浓度乙酸的耐受 能力.本研究中的相关结果可为提高有机废物AD微生态抗酸化能力提供理论依据和数据支撑.     

香港与广州市汽车尾气污染比较

采用较先进自动分析仪器,连续４年在香港九龙青山道及连续９天广州市解放中路,对汽车尾气污染进行监测。结果表明,香港九龙青山道汽车尾气污染较轻,１９８８年和１９８９年基本满足中国国家大气环境质量二级标准的要求。广州市解放中路汽车尾气污染严重。超过国家大气环境质量三级标准,车流组成与行车速度的差异是造成香港与广州市两地汽车气污染差别的主要原因。     

A novel approach to preparing ultra-lightweight ceramsite with a large amount of fly ash

•Ultra-lightweight ceramsite is prepared with 80% fly ash. •SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and flux contents significantly influence the performance of ceramsite. •The expansion of ceramsite is caused by the formation of a dense glaze and gas. •The bulk density of ultra-lightweight ceramsite is only 340 kg/m³. The disposal of fly ash has become a serious problem in China due to its rapid increase in volume in recent years. The most common method of fly ash disposal is solidification-stabilization-landfill, and the most common reuse is low-value-added building materials. A novel processing method for preparing ultra-lightweight ceramsite with fly ash was developed. The results show that the optimal parameters for preparation of ultra-lightweight ceramsite are as follows: mass ratio of fly ash:kaolin:diatomite= 80:15:5, preheating temperature of 800°C, preheating time of 5 min, sintering temperature of 1220°C, and sintering time of 10 min. The expansion agent is perlite, at 10 wt.% addition. Finally, a ceramsite with bulk density of 340 kg/m³, particle density of 0.68 g/cm³, and cylinder compressive strength of 1.02 MPa was obtained. Because of its low density and high porosity, ultra-lightweight ceramsite has excellent thermal insulation performance, and its strength is generally low, so it is usually used in the production of thermal insulation concrete and its products. The formation of a liquid-phase component on the surface, and generation of a gas phase inside ceramsite during the sintering process, make it possible to control the production of the suitable liquid phase and gas in this system, resulting in an optimization of the expansion behavior and microstructure of ceramsite. These characteristics show the feasibility of industrial applications of fly ash for the production of ultra-lightweight ceramsite, which could not only produce economic benefits, but also conserve land resources and protect the environment.     

广西特有植物瑶山苣苔的濒危原因及保护对策

瑶山苣苔(Dayaoshania cotinifolia W.T.Wang)是苦苣苔科多年生草本植物,为国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生植物.在2004-2006年对瑶山苣苔资源现状、生物学和生态学特性调查的基础上,探讨了瑶山苣苔的濒危原因及解濒措施.结果表明,人为原因是导致瑶山苣苔濒危的最主要原因;其次是昆虫对瑶山苣果实的捕食显著减少了种子数量;第三,瑶山苣苔同有的生物学特性限制其种群数量增加.为更好的保护瑶山苣苔,作者建议采用就地保护策略,即建立金秀老山自然保护区独木桥和青年工区两个瑶山苣苔保护点,有效地保护该种群及其分布生境;同时加强瑶山苣苔的科学研究,实施迁地保护.     

微囊藻毒素-RR的臭氧降解研究

采用臭氧氧化的方法对微囊藻毒素-RR(MC-RR)进行降解.结果表明,在O3∶MC-RR(物质量比)为6的条件下,MC-RR的去除率最高可达到83.0%;pH上升、水中NOM含量增加都能显著降低MC-RR的臭氧降解效果.使用HPLC-MS考察了MC-RR的臭氧降解产物,并在此基础上探讨了MC-RR的臭氧氧化降解途径:主要通过Adda途径和Mdha途径来完成对MC-RR的降解和脱毒作用.臭氧氧化的Adda途径是通过对MC-RR上Adda侧链的进攻,断开具有活性的Adda支链,而达到脱毒的目的,其中Adda途径过程中的苯环羟基化作用对整个过程有促进作用;臭氧氧化的Mdha途径是通过对MC-RR肽环上面Mdha和Ala的断键,打开环状肽链,使藻毒素失去活性.在整个过程中Adda途径占主导地位.     

壁面加热作用对街道峡谷污染物扩散的影响

采用CFD软件Fluent研究了不同壁面加热条件下街道峡谷内流场及污染物浓度分布情况.结果表明,当街道高宽比(H/W)为1.33时,在低风速(u=1m/s)条件下,当壁面与周围大气无温差时,街道峡谷内存在一个稳定的顺时针大漩涡,污染物在背风侧堆积.当背风面、地面和背风面分别被加热时,峡谷内流场分布与无温差时相似,此时峡谷内的湍流强度增强,导致污染物浓度降低.当迎风面被加热时,峡谷内流场由原来的单漩涡结构变为双漩涡结构,此时街道峡谷下部浓度较高,上部浓度相对较低.当地面和迎风面同时被加热,温差较小(?θ=2℃)时,街道峡谷内流场由单漩涡结构变为双漩涡结构; 温差增大为5℃,峡谷内由双漩涡分裂成了3个漩涡,此时污染物分布与迎风面被加热情况相似.通过实测值和模拟值的比较可知,Fluent软件对街道峡谷大气环境的模拟结果基本合理.     

Biogeochemical transfer and dynamics of iodine in a soil–plant system

Radioactive iodide (¹²⁵I) is used as a tracer to investigate the fate and transport of iodine in soil under various leaching conditions as well as the dynamic transfer in a soil–plant (Chinese cabbage) system. Results show that both soils (the paddy soil and the sandy soil) exhibit strong retention capability, with the paddy soil being slightly stronger. Most iodine is retained by soils, especially in the top 10 cm, and the highest concentration occurs at the top most section of the soil columns. Leaching with 1–2 pore volume water does not change this pattern of vertical distributions. Early breakthrough and long tailing are two features observed in the leaching experiments. Because of the relatively low peak concentration, the early breakthrough is really not an environmental concern of contamination to groundwater. The long tailing implies that the retained iodine is undergoing slow but steady release and the soils can provide a low but stable level of mobile iodine after a short period. The enrichment factors of ¹²⁵I in different plant tissues are ranked as: root > stem > petiole > leaf, and the ¹²⁵I distribution in the young leaves is obviously higher than that in the old ones. The concentrations of ¹²⁵I in soil and Chinese cabbage can be simulated with a dual-chamber model very well. The biogeochemical behaviors of iodine in the soil-cabbage system show that cultivating iodized cabbage is an environmentally friendly and effective technique to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). Planting vegetables such as cabbage on the ¹²⁹I-contaminated soil could be a good remediation technique worthy of consideration.