城市再生水景观利用水华识别和预警方法探讨

城市再生水景观回用的主要问题是水体富营养化导致水华的暴发。为了抑制藻类的大规模生长,需要提前采取预防措施,以便将有可能爆发水华的藻类及时杀死或除去。目前,人们已经对景观水体中常见藻类的生长规律做了深入的研究,发现水体中藻数量(藻密度)的多少与水体的pH值和DO值的变化有密切而相对稳定的关系。通过在线实时监控pH值和DO值,找到△pH、△DO与藻类生长之间的关系,并结合pH、DO、温度、正磷酸盐和总氮等指标,实现实时识别和预测水华爆发的目的。     

哈尔滨市区区域环境噪声分析

随着人们环境保护意识的增强和对环境质量要求的提高,声环境质量已成为影响城市人民生活的一个重要污染指标,城市的不断发展,使噪声污染越来越成为人们日益关注的环境问题之一。采用定点测量方法和噪声分析仪进行监测,对哈尔滨市区区域环境噪声的监测结果进行了分析,监测结果表明:生活在低分贝值区域的人口逐渐增多,哈尔滨市环境状况有所好转。     

餐厨垃圾综合资源化处理技术实例研究

在目前餐厨垃圾处理现状基础上,介绍了一种餐厨垃圾处理工艺,采用机械生物处理技术,包括收运系统、粉碎分选预处理、厌氧发酵生物处理、沼气热电联供、有机堆肥、废水处理、除臭系统多个环节,分离出油脂进行回收,垃圾厌氧发酵产生沼气发电,沼渣进行堆肥,以期实现餐厨垃圾减量化、无害化、资源化,解决"垃圾猪"、"地沟油"问题。     

Optimum conditions for the formation of Al13 polymer and active chlorine in electrolysis process with Ti/RuO2-TiO2 anodes

A polyaluminum containing a high concentration of Al₁₃ polymer and active chlorine (PACC) was successfully synthesized by a new electrochemical reactor using Ti/RuO₂-TiO₂ anodes. PACC can potentially be used as a dual-function chemical reagent for water treatment. The obtained results indicated that the formation of Al₁₃ polymer and active chlorine, were the most active components in PACC responsible for coagulation and disinfection respectively. These components were significantly influenced by electrolyte temperature, current density, and stirring rate. It was observed that high electrolyte temperature favored the formation of Al₁₃. Increasing current density and stirring rate resulted in high current efficiency of chlorine evolution, thus favoring the generation of Al₁₃ and active chlorine in PACC. When the PACC (Al_T = 0.5 mol/L, basicity = 2.3) was prepared at the optimum conditions by electrolysis process, the Al₁₃ polymer and active chlorine in product reached above 70% of Al_T and 4000 mg/L, respectively. In the pilot scale experiment with raw polyaluminum chloride used as an electrolyte, PACC was successfully prepared and produced a high content of Al₁₃ and active chlorine products. The pilot scale experiment demonstrated a potential industrial approach of PACC preparation.     

Photodegradation of amoxicillin by catalyzed Fe3+/H2O2 process

Three oxidation processes of UV-Fe³⁺(EDTA)/H₂O₂ (UV: ultraviolet light; EDTA: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), UV-Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ and Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ were simultaneously investigated for the degradation of amoxicillin at pH 7.0. The results indicated that, 100% amoxicillin degradation and 81.9% chemical oxygen demand (COD_Cr) removal could be achieved in the UV-Fe³⁺ (EDTA)/H₂O₂ process. The treatment efficiency of amoxicillin and COD_Cr removal were found to decrease to 59.0% and 43.0% in the UV-Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ process; 39.6% and 31.3% in the Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ process. Moreover, the results of biodegradability (biological oxygen demand (BOD₅)/COD_Cr ratio) revealed that the UV-Fe³⁺ (EDTA)/H₂O₂ process was a promising strategy to degrade amoxicillin as the biodegradability of the effluent was improved to 0.45, compared with the cases of UV-Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ (0.25) and Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ (0.10) processes. Therefore, it could be deduced that EDTA and UV light performed synergetic catalytic effect on the Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ process, enhancing the treatment efficiency. The degradation mechanisms were also investigated via UV-Vis spectra, and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectra. The degradation pathway of amoxicillin was further proposed.     

Oxidative removal of acetaminophen using zero valent aluminum-acid system: Efficacy, influencing factors, and reaction mechanism

Commercial available zero valent aluminum under air-equilibrated acidic conditions (ZVAl/H⁺/air system) demonstrated an excellent capacity to remove aqueous organic compounds. Acetaminophen (ACTM), the active ingredient of the over-the-counter drug Tylenol^®, is widely present in the aquatic environment and therefore the treatment of ACTM-contaminated water calls for further research. Herein we investigated the oxidative removal of ACTM by ZVAl/H⁺/air system and the reaction mechanism. In acidic solutions (pH < 3.5), ZVAl displayed an excellent capacity to remove ACTM. More than 99% of ACTM was eliminated within 16 hr in pH 1.5 reaction solutions initially containing 2.0 g/L aluminum and 2.0 mg/L ACTM at 25 ± 1\textcelsius. Higher temperature and lower pH facilitated ACTM removal. The addition of different iron species Fe⁰, Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ into ZVAl/H⁺/air system dramatically accelerated the reaction likely due to the enhancing transformation of H₂O₂ to HO. via Fenton's reaction. Furthermore, the primary intermediate hydroquinone and the anions formate, acetate and nitrate, were identified and a possible reaction scheme was proposed. This work suggested that ZVAl/H⁺/air system may be potentially employed to treat ACTM-contaminated water.     

硅橡胶自然环境加速试验方法与自然环境试验方法等效性研究

目的研究自然环境加速试验方法与自然环境试验方法的等效性。方法针对6141硅橡胶,在高原、沙漠、湿热三个自然环境条件下,采用玻璃框、黑箱、强制通风玻璃框、单轴跟踪太阳4种已有自然环境加速试验装置,开展4种自然环境加速试验方法与户外暴露自然环境试验方法的对比试验,运用图形与秩和检验法分析不同自然环境加速试验方法与自然环境试验方法的等效性。结果在高原、沙漠、湿热三个典型环境条件下,采用6141硅橡胶对比开展的玻璃框、黑箱、强制通风玻璃框、单轴跟踪太阳4种自然环境加速试验与三个典型环境条件下的户外暴露试验中,其拉伸强度服从同一性能变化规律。结论在高原、沙漠、湿热三个典型环境条件下,开展的6141硅橡胶玻璃框、黑箱、强制通风玻璃框、单轴跟踪太阳4种自然环境加速试验与三个典型环境条件下的户外暴露试验具有等效性。     

乙腈和正己烷对环境特征污染物免疫传感分析的影响

利用前期研发的倏逝波全光纤免疫传感系统,使用间接竞争免疫模式对双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)进行了定量分析,其检测灵敏度可达0.2μg·L~(-1),线性检测区间为0.3~33.4μg·L~(-1).重点考察了乙腈和正己烷两种常用有机溶剂对双酚A免疫传感分析的影响,初步探讨了有机溶剂对免疫传感分析的影响机制.结果表明,正己烷含量高达10%都不会对双酚A免疫传感分析产生明显影响,而乙腈的影响比较大.当乙腈含量较低时,可用于双酚A的定量检测;而当乙腈含量较高时,可完全抑制均相溶液中抗体抗原之间的亲和反应,不能用于双酚A的定量分析.其原因可能是乙腈取代了一部分结合在抗体表面的水分子,导致抗体构象改变或者抗体与抗原的亲和力变化而造成的.     

巢湖沉积物有效磷的原位高分辨分析研究

将两种原位被动采样技术——高分辨平衡式间隙水(HR-Peeper)与氧化锆薄膜梯度扩散技术(Zr-oxide DGT)相结合,分别对巢湖西半湖7个点位溶解态反应性磷(cPW)和有效磷(cDGT)进行原位测定分析,cPW和cDGT在大部分沉积物剖面的分布相似或局部相似,说明不同深度沉积物固相有效磷组分对间隙水SRP的缓冲能力较接近.利用界面扩散通量和cDGT/cPW比值(R)表征沉积物磷的活性,从巢湖湖心向南淝河入湖口方向,界面以下6 mm的cPW、cDGT和扩散通量的变化基本一致,均呈递增趋势,表明沉积物磷的污染水平在增加;R值变化较小,说明沉积物界面处的缓冲能力差异不明显.     

碳纳米管径向尺寸对碳纳米管自支撑膜孔隙结构及通量的影响

为了探索碳纳米材料膜在水处理中应用的可能性,本实验选取4种径向尺寸的碳纳米管(Carbon Nanotubes, CNTs),采用压力辅助过滤技术制备CNTs自支撑膜.通过对CNTs自支撑膜的平均孔径、孔径分布及截留分子量(Molecular weight Cut-Off,MWCO)等进行分析,研究了CNTs径向尺寸变化对CNTs自支撑膜孔隙结构的影响.结果表明,CNTs的径向尺寸越小,制备得到的CNTs自支撑膜越趋向于形成小孔径的膜孔,且孔径分布更加均匀,孔隙面积比越高,膜的MWCO越小.单壁碳纳米管(Single-walled carbon nanotube, SWNT)与多壁碳纳米管(Multi-walled carbon nanotube, MWNT)相比,前者更容易形成膜平均孔径更小且孔径分布更均匀的CNTs自支撑膜.膜通量测定结果表明,研究制备的CNTs自支撑膜的通量属于低压膜范围,通量在230～347 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1)·bar~(-1)之间.其中,虽然由径向尺寸较小的CNTs所制备的CNTs自支撑膜的平均孔径更小,但由于其具有更高的孔隙面积比和更小的膜厚度,其纯水通量相对高于由大径向尺寸CNTs制备的CNTs自支撑膜.