政策环境影响评价利益相关方分析—以海南省禁塑政策为例

聚焦政策环境影响评价利益相关方,引入利益相关方理论、协同治理理论等有关理论,建立适用于政策环境影响评价的利益相关方分析方法框架,涵盖利益相关方识别、利益相关方参与、利益相关方分析和利益相关方协同,并将其应用于海南省禁塑政策环境影响评价试点利益相关方分析。结果表明：海南省禁塑政策执行给核心利益相关方成本利益带来明显改变,政府主体有较强的动因推动政策执行,但行政成本增加较大;企业主体最主要的成本变化来源于原材料成本增加,农贸市场商户是受政策影响利益损失最大的主体类型,可能会影响政策执行;政府和企业之间的利益冲突构成行为博弈关系,政府对企业违规行为的惩罚力度越高,企业守规的概率就越高,而企业守规的成本增加越大,政府的监管力度也越大;公众主体尤其是价格敏感型消费者,在禁塑政策执行下可能会采取改变生活消费的行为策略,但具体的改变作用有待观察。据此,从利益共荣、成本分摊、利益约束和利益补偿等方面提出促进利益相关方协同的优化对策建议。研究所构建的利益相关方分析方法有助于识别关键利益群体,厘清利益诉求和政策关联,促使各方以可接受的成本推进政策实施并实现环境公共利益的最大化。

     

层状氧化物NaCo_2O_4热催化H_2O_2降解亚甲基蓝

采用固相烧结法制备了NaCo_2O_4催化剂,构建了NaCo_2O_4-H_2O_2热催化体系降解亚甲基蓝(MB)。XRD和SEM表征结果显示,合成的NaCo_2O_4催化剂具有良好的稳定性。NaCo_2O_4对H_2O_2具有良好的热催化性能,反应温度越高,反应速率常数k越大,该催化反应符合一级动力学方程。NaCo_2O_4-H_2O_2体系对MB具有较好的降解效果,在反应温度为50℃、NaCo_2O_4加入量为50 mg、MB溶液加入量为100 mL、MB初始质量浓度为30 mg/L、H_2O_2加入量为1.00 mL的最优条件下,反应340 min时,MB降解率达87.00%;催化剂重复使用三次,MB降解率仍可达85%以上;经捕获剂效果对比实验发现,催化反应体系中存在h~+、·OH等催化活性物种。     

矿井巷道火灾烟流逆退数值模拟及临界风速研究

为了研究矿井发生火灾后高温烟流的蔓延规律及影响因素,利用COMSOL软件对火区进行数值模拟,建立巷道三维模型,得到火区风流速度与温度分布。通过改变边界条件,分析火风压作用下,火区烟气在不同控制风速、巷道条件作用下蔓延规律,得出不同因素与临界风速的关系,为选取合理的火灾控制风速提供理论依据。研究结果表明:火源温度一定时,巷道入口风速越低,火源下风侧高温烟流越靠近巷道顶部,随着风速增大,向巷道下部蔓延;风速较低时,在火区火风压的作用下,会产生烟流逆退现象,随着风速的增大,逆流层长度和厚度随之减小;巷道入口通风条件不变时,火区温度越高越容易产生烟流的逆退,影响范围越大;巷道高度越高、上行风坡度越小,越易发生逆退现象;不同影响因素与巷道平均温度不成正比关系,其中下行风坡度5~15°时巷道平均温度较高且易于发生烟流滚退现象,影响范围较大;火源温度、巷道条件与临界风速的数据拟合结果对预测巷道的临界风速有较好的参考价值。     

MoS2 quantum dots based MoS2/HKUST-1 composites for the highly efficient catalytic oxidation of elementary mercury

Due to the ever-tightening regulation on mercury emission in recent decades, there is an urgent need to develop novel materials for the removal of elemental mercury at coal-fired power plants. In this study, a series of MoS₂ quantum dots (QDs)-based MoS₂/HKUST-1 composite materials were prepared. It is found that MoS₂ QDs were encapsulated by HKUST-1 and enhanced the crystallinity and specific surface area of HKUST-1. The MoS₂/HKUST-1 showed excellent performance in catalytic oxidation of Hg⁰ as compared with pristine HKUST-1. It is found that surface layer of lattice oxygens is active and participates in Hg⁰ oxidation, while the consumption of surface oxygens then leads to the formation of oxygen vacancies on the surface. These vacancies are effective in the adsorption and dissociation of O₂, which subsequently participates in the oxidation of Hg⁰. Moreover, the study on the influence of commonly seen gas components, such as SO₂, NO, NH₃ and H₂O, etc., on Hg⁰ oxidation demonstrated that synergistic effects exist among these gas species. It is found that the presence of NO promotes the oxidation of Hg⁰ using oxygen as the oxidant.     

Airshed Model Evaluation of Reactivity Adjustment Factors Calculated with the Maximum Incremental Reactivity Scale for Transitional-Low Emission Vehicles

Abstract

The California Air Resources Board recently adopted regulations for light- and medium-duty vehicles that require reductions in the ozone-forming potential or “reactivity,” rather than the mass, of nonmethane organic gas (NMOG) emissions. The regulations allow sale of all alternatively fueled vehicles (AFVs) that meet NMOG exhaust emission standards equivalent in reactivity to those set for vehicles fueled with conventional gasoline. Reactivity adjustment factors (RAFs), the ratio of the reactivity (per gram) of the AFV exhaust to that of the conventionally fueled vehicle (CFV), are used to correct the stringent exhaust emission standards. Complete chemical speciation of the exhaust and conversion of each NMOG species to an appropriate mass of ozone using the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) scale of Carter determines the RAF. The MIR approach defines reactivity where NMOG control is the most effective strategy in reducing ozone concentrations, and assumes it is not important to define reactivity at other conditions, i.e., where NO_x is the limiting precursor.

This study used the Carnegie/California Institute of Technology airshed model to evaluate whether the RAF-adjusted AFV emissions result in ozone impacts equivalent to those of CFV emissions. A matrix of two ozone episodes in the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) of California, two base emission inventories, and exhaust emissions from three alternative fuels that meet the first level of the low emission vehicle standards bounds the expected range of conditions. Although very good agreement was found previously for individual NMOG species,² this study noted deviations of up to ±15 percent from the equal ozone impacts for any vehicle/fuel combination required by the California regulations. These deviations appear to be attributable to differences in spatial and temporal patterns of emissions between vehicle fleets, rather than a problem with the MIR approach. The first formally adopted RAF, a value of 0.41 for 85 percent methanol/15 percent gasoline-fueled vehicles, includes a 10 percent increase based on the airshed modeling. The correction to the RAF is different for other fuels and may be different for air basins other than the SoCAB.     

Coexisting sediments and suspended particles change the sorption of lindane and ciprofloxacin in waters

The real behavior of water organic contaminants such as pesticides and pharmaceuticals is not well known because research experiments usually simplify the conditions by studying the sorption of a pure compound on a single solid. However, in natural waters, biofilms, suspended particles, and sediments are solid substances that coexist, and thus may change the contaminant fate. Therefore, we studied here the sorption of lindane and ciprofloxacin by three single-solid and three double-solid sorbents using batch experiments. We also compared the effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) between single- and double-solid sorption systems. Results show that the sorption quantity of lindane to the double-solid system of suspended particles and sediments is lower, of 0.99 L/g, than the sum of sorption quantity in the single-solid system, of 1.39 L/g. The sorption quantity of ciprofloxacin is higher, of 2.70 L/g, than the sum of sorption quantity in the single-solid system, of 1.90 L/g. These findings are explained by changes in DOM that suppress or promote sorption. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to present evidence that coexisting river solids modify lindane and ciprofloxacin sorption.     

化学污染物对鱼鳔的毒理学研究进展

鱼鳔(swimbladder)是帮助有鳔鱼类完成呼吸、保持流体静力、感觉声音等生理活动的重要功能器官之一。化学污染物暴露能够影响鱼鳔的正常发育或充气,对有鳔鱼类的生存具有潜在威胁。本文首先对鱼鳔功能、形态发育及分子机制进行了介绍。其次对化学污染物导致的鱼鳔发育异常或不充气等毒性效应进行了总结,对特定污染物的潜在作用机制进行了综述。最后对鱼鳔的环境/生态毒理学研究提出展望。     

我国低纬度、亚热带地区的降水化学及其雨水酸化趋势分析

在世界上酸沉降研究尚为空白的低纬度、亚热带地区建立了酸沉降监测网。通过两年的监测，结果表明降水中酸度和离子总浓度季节变化明显，Ｃａ￣（２＋）和ＮＨ在降水离子构成中占百分率较高，阳离子总和略大于阴离子总和。两广地区降水酸度是雨水中多种阴、阳离子综合作用的结果，降水中ＳＯ浓度高的地区是ＳＯ＿２排放量高的地区，控制雨水逐年酸化趋势的唯一途径是限制ＳＯ＿２排放。