广州城区冬季大气边界层气溶胶激光雷达探测

激光雷达是大气边界层气溶胶和云的一个高效探测工具。2010年12月利用Mie散射激光雷达对广州城区冬季大气边界层进行系统观测,分析讨论了测站地域上空大气气溶胶的消光系数垂直分布和时间变化的主要特征。结果表明:冬季广州大气边界层气溶胶主要分布在1100m以下区域,气溶胶分布具有多层结构;大气边界层高度稳定分布在500~620m左右,边界层高度日变化不明显;冬季广州气溶胶源较为稳定并且变化慢;广州城区气溶胶浓度白天比晚上大,峰值出现11颐00~14颐00左右,谷值出现在20颐00左右。     

农田土壤中铜的来源分析及控制阈值研究

农田土壤重金属污染直接危及到生态安全、食品安全和人体健康.从源头上控制农田土壤重金属污染是农业可持续发展和保障农产品质量安全的首要措施.本文采用物质流分析法与情景分析法,以水稻(双季稻、单季稻)、小麦-玉米、蔬菜(叶菜、根菜和果菜)的产地农田生态系统为研究对象,研究农田土壤中重金属铜的输入途径(大气沉降、磷肥、有机肥以及灌溉水)和输出途径(籽粒/可食部位、秸秆/残余物以及地表排水),并通过文献查阅和采样分析建立数据库,在平衡分析基础上为了保障100年土壤铜累积不超过设定的情景水平,当土壤铜背景值含量分别增加50％,100％和150％时,推导出磷肥、有机肥以及灌溉水的重金属含量安全阈值,磷肥中铜含量应控制在65～175 mg·kg-1范围内;畜禽粪肥中铜含量应控制在35～95 mg· kg-1范围内.灌溉水质标准应控制在40～70 μg·L-1范围内.这将为我国农产品产地安全管理和源头预防控制,保障我国农产品质量安全提供一定的技术指导作用.     

Environmental quality and its impact on the local economy: A case study from Dongguan,South China

Industries that pollute the environment developed in the early 1990s in Dongguan City, especially those in the middle and lower valley of the Dongjiang River (waterside area) have seriously affected water and air quality and hence have affected soil quality through polluted water irrigation and precipitation. Investigation of the economic growth and environmental pollution in the 32 township units in the City from 1990 to 2000 also reveals that environmental pollution has affected the history of the development of the towns or townships in the waterside region in the delta of the River Dongjiang, especially the towns near the river mouth, and has prevented their industry from upgrading and hence has slowed down their economic growth. The impact of environmental pollution on economic growth is most severe in the towns along the lower valley, or in down-wind regions. In contrast, economic development in the protected area of the upper valley of the waterside region indicates that environmental protection that strictly controls the discharge of pollutants does not restrict the development of the local economy.     

低磷胁迫对水稻地上部钙、镁吸收和积累的影响

采用瓮栽试验系统研究了低磷(P)胁迫条件下不同P效率水稻基因型在分蘖期、孕穗期和成熟期的钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)营养特性.结果表明,低P胁迫对不同基因型水稻Ca、Mg吸收的影响因生育期、基因型和部位不同而不同.分蘖期时,低P胁迫使水稻体内Ca含量增加,低P敏感基因型水稻地上部Mg含量增加,耐低P基因型则Mg含量降低.孕穗期时,低P胁迫使不同基因型水稻体内Ca、Mg含量下降.至成熟期,除99056外,其它基因型籽粒内Ca、Mg含量均降低;除99012外,其它基因型茎叶中Ca、Mg含量也降低.各个时期低P胁迫都降低了Ca、Mg在水稻地上部分的积累量,耐低P基因型只在孕穗期表现出相对的优势.低P胁迫同时降低了成熟期茎叶内Ca、Mg向籽粒的转移,但99056却例外.低P胁迫下,较之低P敏感基因型,耐低P基因型水稻对Ca、Mg的吸收和积累并没有表现出明显的优势.图4表7参26     

有机酸对不同磷源条件下土壤无机磷形态的影响

土壤有效磷含量低是影响作物生产的重要限制因素之一.作物根分泌活化难溶性磷的有机酸对改善其磷素营养具有重要意义.采用张守敬和Jackson无机磷分级方法,以湖北省武昌土为材料,加入不同磷源和有机酸,经室温培养后,测定速效磷含量和无机磷组分.结果表明,有机酸引起速效磷含量增多,除苹果酸处理的变化较小外,草酸和柠檬酸的加入使土壤中速效磷显著增加.供试有机酸均使土壤铝磷(Al-P)含量下降,钙磷(Ca-P)含量上升,变幅大小依次为草酸处理>柠檬酸处理>苹果酸处理;有机酸活化的磷主要来源于土壤中Al-P和铁磷(Fe-P)中的磷,同时有机酸能够促进土壤中闭蓄态磷(O-P)的形成与积累.图1表3参30     

不同沉水植物对沉积物磷迁移转化的影响

选择了微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus A.Benn .)、穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L .)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demerswn L .)3种沉水植物,在温室模拟研究了不同沉水植物对湖泊沉积物磷迁移转化的影响.研究结果表明,随着培养时间的延续微齿眼子菜和穗花狐尾藻对沉积物NaOH-P有明显的吸收和转化作用,分别吸收和转化了36.9%和33.2%,而金鱼藻对沉积物NaOH-P的影响不显著;各处理随着植物的生长,由于根系的吸收作用,沉积物中Olsell-P发生了从非根际→根际→沉水植物的迁移过程,其中微齿眼子菜和穗花狐尾藻更为明显.因此,微齿眼子菜和穗花狐尾藻对沉积物磷释放的控制作用更为明显.     

环境浓度下的混合抗生素对普通小球藻的联合毒性

近年来,抗生素已成为一类备受关注的新型环境污染物。为了探究这类化合物对各类生物的毒性效应,本实验以红霉素(ERY)、恩诺沙星(ENR)、磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)这3种常见的抗生素作为代表,研究其单独作用和两两联合作用对普通小球藻的生长、蛋白合成及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明:ERY、ENR和SMX对小球藻的96 h-EC50分别为85.7、124.5和1 672.7μg·L~(-1),且3种抗生素两两联合时对小球藻的毒性作用类型均为协同作用。此外,当暴露于环境浓度的抗生素时,无论是单独加药还是联合加药,除ERY处理组的小球藻的蛋白合成被轻微抑制外,其他各处理组的蛋白含量与对照组相比,均展现出低剂量刺激效应。对于MDA产量,ENR处理组的MDA含量与对照组无显著差异,其他各处理组均高于对照组;故环境浓度下的ENR并没有对小球藻造成明显的氧化损伤,而其他2种抗生素则对小球藻造成了氧化损伤。该研究为低浓度混合抗生素在淡水环境中联合暴露的生态风险评估提供了科学依据。     

Effects of different types of biochar on the properties and reactivity of nano zero-valent iron in soil remediation

• Biochar enhanced the mobility and stability of zero-valent iron nanoparticles. • Particle performance was best when the BC:nZVI mass ratio was 1:1. • Bagasse-BC@nZVI removed 66.8% of BDE209. The addition of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) is a promising technology for the in situ remediation of soil. Unfortunately, the mobility and, consequently, the reactivity of nZVI particles in contaminated areas decrease due to their rapid aggregation. In this study, we determined how nZVI particles can be stabilized using different types of biochar (BC) as a support (BC@nZVI). In addition, we investigated the transport behavior of the synthesized BC@nZVI particles in a column filled with porous media and their effectiveness in the removal of BDE209 (decabromodiphenyl ether) from soil. The characterization results of N₂ Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analyses, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that nZVI was successfully loaded into the BC. The sedimentation test results and the experimental breakthrough curves indicated that all of the BC@nZVI composites manifested better stability and mobility than did the bare-nZVI particles, and the transport capacity of the particles increased with increasing flow velocity and porous medium size. Furthermore, the maximum concentrations of the column effluent for bagasse–BC@nZVI (B–BC@nZVI) were 19%, 37% and 48% higher than those for rice straw–BC@nZVI (R–BC@nZVI), wood chips–BC@nZVI (W–BC@nZVI) and corn stalks–BC@nZVI (C–BC@nZVI), respectively. A similar order was found for the removal and debromination efficiency of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) by the aforementioned particles. Overall, the attachment of nZVI particles to BC significantly increased the reactivity, stability and mobility of B–BC@nZVI yielded, and nZVI the best performance.     

Industrial land expansion in rural China threatens environmental securities

• China’s rural industrial land (RIL) area quadrupled from 1990 to 2015. • RIL expansion cost 9% of China’s crop production and threatened human/ecosystem safety. • The underprivileged population bears a disproportionally large share of the risks. China’s rural industrialization has been a major driver for its rapid economic growth during the recent decades, but its myriad environmental risks are yet to be fully understood. Based on a comprehensive national land-use data set, our study shows that the area of China’s rural industrial land (RIL) quadrupled during 1990–2015, reaching 39000 km² in 2015, comparable to urbanization in magnitude but with a much greater degree of landscape fragmentation which implies stronger ecological and environmental impacts. About 91% of the protected areas in the central China were within 50 km from rural industrial land, thus exposed to industrial disturbances. Accelerated rural industrial land expansion, particularly in regions under high geo-hazard risks, led to dramatically increased environmental risks, threatening the safety and health of both rural industrial workers and residents. Moreover, negative effects from rural industrial land expansion could partially offset the crop production growth in recent decades. The underprivileged rural population in the west bears a disproportionally large share of the increased environmental risks. China urgently needs to design and implement sustainable policies to restrict and reshape its rural industrialization. This study aims to inspire policy makers and researchers to rethink the current model of industrial expansion and improve rural industrial land planning, which is important for achieving the sustainable development goals of China.     

基于Cu~(2+)吸附的龙须眼子菜的改性

为提高龙须眼子菜对废水中重金属离子的吸附性能,采用水浸-NaCl处理对龙须眼子菜进行改性,考察了NaCl浓度、改性时间、改性料液比等对改性龙须眼子菜吸附Cu2+的影响,对各改性参数进行了优化,改性实验的优化条件为:NaCl溶液浓度为1.0 mo.ll-1,改性时间为60 min,改性料液比为1∶100.用扫描电镜观察了改性前后龙须眼子菜的表面形貌,结合X射线能谱分析了改性前后、改性龙须眼子菜吸附Cu2+前后元素成分变化.龙须眼子菜经改性后对Cu2+的吸附率有了很大程度的提高,其原因在于:一方面细胞壁上的吸附位点得以充分暴露;另一方面NaCl改性使得龙须眼子菜负载了大量的Na+,增强了其离子交换能力.