呼和浩特市十年来环境空气污染趋势分析

通过对呼和浩特市10年的环境空气监测数据进行分析,结果表明,二氧化硫、总悬浮颗粒物呈下降趋势,二氧化氮变化不大,尘是影响呼市环境空气质量的主要污染因子,并提出了改善呼市大气环境质量的对策。     

储油罐雷击着火事故的防范

通过两起浮顶油罐雷击着火事故的成功扑救案例,结合某单位浮顶油罐的管理现状,提出了整治消防设施隐患、特大型储油罐增加等电位连接点、加强应急预案实战技术演练、完善通讯设施、加强管理、提高员工责任意识、狠抓安全培训、提高职工技术素质等防止浮顶油罐雷击着火的预防措施和在事故状态下将事故损失降到最低的建议。     

城乡工业及生活污水处理设施建设与布局的研究

认真落实科学发展观统筹城乡发展,是党中央国务院在新时期的重大战略决策,面对新形势新要求,区域城乡污染物控制究竟做些什么、怎么做,本课题带着这一系列的问题,从城乡工业及生活污水处理设施建设与布局入手,以江苏扬州市为范例,围绕生态市建设、沿江与沿河开发、乡镇水环境保护问题,对区域城乡工业及生活污水处理设施建设与布局进行全面认真的研究。目的是从生态市建设、污染物总量控制的角度,思考乡镇经济社会发展对水体环境的影响及其对策,重点关注乡镇工业园区或工业集中区、乡镇镇区污水处理设施建设和布局的问题,为实现城乡区域统筹发展提供一些驾驭的能力。     

仓库火灾特点、原因及防范对策探讨

分析某地仓库火灾的统计数据,归纳总结了仓库火灾特点,得出仓库火灾的主要原因,并按照"3E对策"的原则,从安全技术、安全教育、安全管理三个方面提出预防与控制仓库火灾对策.     

Mass spectral chemical fingerprints reveal the molecular dependence of exhaust particulate matters on engine speeds

Particulate matters(PMs) emitted by automobile exhaust contribute to a significant fraction of the global PMs. Extractive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry(EAPCI-MS) was developed to explore the molecular dependence of PMs collected from exhaust gases produced at different vehicle engine speeds. The mass spectral fingerprints of the organic compounds embedded in differentially sized PMs(e.g., 0.22–0.45, 0.45–1.00, 1.00–2.00, 2.00–3.00, 3.00–5.00, and 5.00–10.00 μm) generated at different engine speeds(e.g., 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 r/min) were chemically profiled in the mass range of mass to charge ratio(m/z) 50–800. Organic compounds,including alcohols, aldehydes, and esters, were detected in all the PMs tested, with varied concentration levels for each individual PM sample. At relatively low engine speeds(≤ 1500 r/min), the total amount of organic species embedded in PMs of 0.22–1.00 μm was greater than in PMs of other sizes, while more organic species were found in PMs of5.00–10.00 μm at high engine speeds(≥ 3000 r/min), indicating that the organic compounds distributed in different sizes of PMs strongly correlated with the engine speed. The experimental data showed that the EAPCI-MS technique enables molecular characterization of PMs in exhaust, revealing the chemical dependence of PMs on the engine speeds(i.e., the combustion conditions) of automobiles.     

Effects of O3/Cl2 disinfection on corrosion and opportunistic pathogens growth in drinking water distribution systems

The effects of O_3/Cl_2 disinfection on corrosion and the growth of opportunistic pathogens in drinking water distribution systems were studied using annular reactors(ARs).The corrosion process and most probable number(MPN) analysis indicated that the higher content of iron-oxidizing bacteria and iron-reducing bacteria in biofilms of the AR treated with O_3/Cl_2 induced higher Fe_3O_4 formation in corrosion scales.These corrosion scales became more stable than the ones that formed in the AR treated with Cl_2 alone.O_3/Cl_2 disinfection inhibited corrosion and iron release efficiently by changing the content of corrosion-related bacteria.Moreover,ozone disinfection inactivated or damaged the opportunistic pathogens due to its strong oxidizing properties.The damaged bacteria resulting from initial ozone treatment were inactivated by the subsequent chlorine disinfection.Compared with the AR treated with Cl_2 alone,the opportunistic pathogens M.avium and L.pneumophila were not detectable in effluents of the AR treated with O_3/Cl_2,and decreased to(4.60 ± 0.14) and(3.09 ± 0.12) log10(gene copies/g corrosion scales) in biofilms,respectively.The amoeba counts were also lower in the AR treated with O_3/Cl_2.Therefore,O_3/C_l2 disinfection can effectively control opportunistic pathogens in effluents and biofilms of an AR used as a model for a drinking water distribution system.     

氧化还原电位对土壤中重金属环境行为的影响研究进展

E_h（redox potential,氧化还原电位）代表土壤氧化性和还原性的相对程度,是以电位反映土壤所处氧化还原状态的指标.由于重金属易与对E_h敏感的组分发生吸附、络合、沉淀等化学反应,因此E_h的变化会直接/间接影响重金属形态从而决定其毒性和活性.E_h变化对重金属活性往往存在双向影响:①淹水环境使E_h降低,引发反硝化反应、铁锰氧化物和硫酸盐还原,使pH向中性靠拢,从而间接导致酸性土壤中游离态重金属沉淀或碱性土壤中吸附态重金属释放.②厌氧条件在使E_h发生变化的同时,会引起铁锰氧化物、有机质、硫化物的形态或含量发生改变,如铁锰氧化物还原、大分子有机质分解,分解产物与重金属离子结合增加了可溶性重金属的浓度,但厌氧条件也可以使重金属离子和硫化物产生沉淀,且还原Cr、Hg等元素,降低毒性;在氧化条件下,硫化物氧化形成硫酸盐促进了重金属释放;但铁锰离子沉淀及其氧化物形态变化形成的具有强吸附力的无定形铁锰氧化物可重新吸附游离态金属离子.这些复杂的化学变化对定量化研究E_h对重金属的影响造成困难,从而降低了E_h波动环境（水稻土、周期性覆水潮滩沉积物等）中重金属污染风险评价的准确性,也限制了通过改变E_h来原位修复重金属污染土壤的方法实施.因此,需进一步对E_h诱导下土壤颗粒界面上发生的与重金属行为相关的反应进行深入研究,并开发检测分析技术,如无损伤的物理探测方法或同位素稀释技术等,建立不同土壤中E_h与重金属形态、活性的定量关系,以揭示E_h对重金属形态的影响机制.      

江苏沿海滩涂渔业生态工程探讨与效益评估

建设“海上苏东”和实施百万亩滩涂工程,是实现江苏省２１世纪发展战略的重大决策,在分析滩涂资源开发现状基础上,提出了及时将滩涂区位,资源优势转化为商品,经济优势的渔业生态工程,并运用生态学原理和系统分析的方法进行了总体构思,即大力发展咸淡水养殖,建立增养殖生态调控模式,开发养殖新品系三个主要方面。起步工程以引种驯养“海卿”等为主要内容,试验表明,海鲫具有优良的经济性状,适宜在咸淡水水域中生长,有望成