废水毒性鉴别评价方法

废水毒性鉴别评价是１９８４年发展起来的一项新技术，目的是快速，简便地鉴别引起毒性的化学物质。包括毒物的分离，浓缩，样品分级，仪器分析，毒性追踪，相关性等技术，本方法分三个阶段：毒物特征，毒物鉴别、毒物确证。     

Variation and removal efficiency of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) in an advanced water treatment system

This study investigates the microorganism growth indicator and determines the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) content at the Cheng-Ching Lake Advanced Water Treatment Plant (CCLAWTP) in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Notably, AOC is associated with the biological stability within the water distribution network and has garnered considerable attention in the environmental engineering field in recent years. Water samples were collected from the effluent of each unit in CCLAWTP once monthly during December 2008 to November 2009. Items of water quality related to carbon concentration levels, including AOC, total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, UV₂₅₄, and specific ultraviolent absorbance were analyzed. Analytical results demonstrate that the average AOC concentration in raw water was 83.61 ??g/L and reduced in freshwater was controlled at an average of 50 ??g/L after an advanced treatment system of roughly 54% of AOC was removed in compliance with treatment plant standards. If AOC concentrations in freshwater can be reduced, study results can provide a direction for improving water treatment capabilities.     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液生物处理尾水的性质研究

采用多种先进测试分析仪器对不同月份的垃圾填埋场渗滤液生物处理尾水(简称渗滤液尾水)进行了全面的分析.结果表明,经生物处理后的渗滤液尾水难以进一步生物降解,仍然有很强的污染性,COD和NH3-N仍分别高达419～622、12.4～174.0 mg/L,未达到国家排放标准,且仍含有多种环境优先控制污染物.除有机物外,渗滤液尾水中还有部分无机类物质贡献COD,TN主要由无机氮构成.渗滤液生物处理的效果与温度关系密切,6、9月的处理效果明显好于3、12月.     

Enhanced adsorptive removal of naphthalene intermediates from aqueous solution by introducing reed straw into sewage sludge-based activated carbon

The disposal of sewage sludge (SS) and reed straw (RS) has becoming a critical issue due to their rapid production. In this study, the SS-based activated carbon (SSC) was produced by introducing the RS as a component material. Properties including BET surface area, pore volume, surface chemical groups, and morphologies were characterized. The adsorption of 1-diazo-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid (1,2,4-Acid) and 2-Naphthol (2-Nap), which differs in their physicochemical properties, on as-prepared carbons were investigated. The overall adsorption was found to be jointly controlled by external mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion, and the optimal pH was found to be 5 due to their electrostatic attraction. Further study revealed that the SS- and RS-based carbons (SC and RSC, respectively) exhibited different adsorption behavior toward 1,2,4-Acid and 2-Nap. The calculated adsorption capacity from Langmuir–Freundlich model of SC and RSC for the two intermediates was 141.0, 84.6 mg g^-1 and 48.2, 110.2 mg g^-1, respectively, whereas their hybrid product (SSC) showed comparable capacity for 1,2,4-Acid (117.8 mg g^-1), as well as higher capacity for 2-Nap (157.5 mg g^-1). It was found that the presence of meso- or macropores facilitates the precipitation of mineral phases of inorganic substances during carbonization, attracting the molecules with polar functional groups, while the introduction of C-rich RS to SS enhances the adsorption of hydrophobic molecules.     

油品采样风险及对策

石油与石油化工企业液体石油产品储运过程中液体石油产品带有静电,带有静电的液体石油产品进入容器内（如油罐）后,液体石油产品的液面会产生较高静电电位,此时进行液体石油产品的采样、测温、检尺等作业时,易发生静电放电,从而造成着火爆炸事故。20世纪六七十年代,是油品采样静电闪爆事故的高峰期,国内一些炼油厂采样、检尺、测温等静电闪爆事故人们至今记忆犹新。     

Numerical simulation of flow hydrodynamics of struvite pellets in a liquid–solid fluidized bed

Phosphorus recovery in the form of struvite has been aroused in recent decades for its dual advantages in eutrophication control and resource protection.The usage of the struvite products is normally determined by the size which is largely depended on the hydrodynamics.In this study,flow behavior of struvite pellets was simulated by means of Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid model combining with kinetic theory of granular flow in a liquid–solid fluidized bed reactor(FBR).A parametric study including the mesh size,time step,discretization strategy,turbulent model and drag model was first developed,followed by the evaluations of crucial operational conditions,particle characteristics and reactor shapes.The results showed that a cold model with the mesh resolution of 16 × 240,default time step of 0.001 sec and first order discretization scheme was accurate enough to describe the fluidization.The struvite holdup profile using Syamlal–O'Brien drag model was best fitted to the experimental data as compared with other drag models and the empirical Richardson–Zaki equation.Regarding the model evaluation,it showed that liquid velocity and particle size played important roles on both solid holdups and velocities.The reactor diameter only influenced the solid velocity while the static bed height almost took no effect.These results are direct and can be applied to guide the operation and process control of the struvite fluidization.Moreover,the model parameters can also be used as the basic settings in further crystallization simulations.     

Observation of black carbon aerosol in Beijing,2003

The objective of this study was to determine the black carbon concentration in Beijing in 2003. The aerosol properties were measured using an Aethalometer and a tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) on the roof of the Physics Building of Peking University (39.99° N, 116.31° E) from July to August 2003 and from November 2003 to January 2004. The average black carbon (BC) concentrations in the summer and winter were 8.80 and 11.4 μg/m³, respectively. During winter, two different cyclone cut offs were installed at the inlet of an aethalometer. The BC mass concentration in TSP, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5 were obtained. The results indicated that in winter aerosol, 90% of BC exited in PM₁₀ and 82.6% of BC exited in PM_2.5. The BC in PM₁₀ accounted for 5.11% of the PM₁₀ mass. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(1): 17–22 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

热处理和pH调节协同作用下污泥调质过程研究

采用单因素实验和正交实验相结合的方式,考察了不同实验条件参数（温度、pH和反应时间）下,热处理和pH调节对污泥细胞溶出过程的影响。结果表明,污泥溶解性化学需氧量（SCOD）与反应温度、溶液pH、反应时间成正相关,其中pH对SCOD的影响最为显著,反应时间对其影响最小。污泥溶胞的最优条件：反应温度120℃,pH=11,反应时间为15 min,经过处理,SCOD可达14 810 mg/L,与总化学需氧量（TCOD）之比为49.29%,总有机碳（TOC）达4 560 mg/L,总氮（TN）则增加27%,总悬浮固体（TSS）和挥发性悬浮固体（VSS）去除率分别达22.85%和40.93%。热碱处理后污泥上清液分子量分布（MWD）状况结果显示：〉1 000 KDa MW物质含量随pH和温度的增加而增加,当pH=11时,该部分物质可从原污泥的20.94%增加到31.70%;当温度为120℃时,该部分物质可达49.83%。     

Selection of a water-extractable phosphorus test for manures and biosolids as an indicator of runoff loss potential

The correlation of runoff phosphorus (P) with water-extractable phosphorus (WEP) in land-applied manures and biosolids has spurred wide use of WEP as a water quality indicator. Land managers, planners, and researchers need a common WEP protocol to consistently use WEP in nutrient management. Our objectives were to (i) identify a common WEP protocol with sufficient accuracy and precision to be adopted by commercial testing laboratories and (ii) confirm that the common protocol is a reliable index of runoff P. Ten laboratories across North America evaluated alternative protocols with an array of manure and biosolids samples. A single laboratory analyzed all samples and conducted a separate runoff study with the manures and biosolids. Extraction ratio (solution:solids) was the most important factor affecting WEP, with WEP increasing from 10:1 to 100:1 and increasing from 100:1 to 200:1. When WEP was measured by a single laboratory, correlations with runoff P from packed soil boxes amended with manure and biosolids ranged from 0.79 to 0.92 across all protocol combinations (extraction ratio, filtration method, and P determination method). Correlations with P in runoff were slightly lower but significant when WEP was measured by the 10 labs (r=0.56-0.86). Based on laboratory repeatability and water quality evaluation criteria, we recommend the following common protocol: 100:1 extraction ratio; 1-h shaking and centrifuge 10 min at 1500xg (filter with Whatman #1 paper if necessary); and determining P by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry or colorimetric methods.