冬奥会期间京津冀及周边区域空气质量时空特征、气象影响和减排效果评估

对比分析2015～2022年冬奥会期间(1月31日至2月20日)京津冀及周边区域44城市空气质量时空演变特征,量化同期气象、协同减排和跨区域传输对PM_2.5浓度及组分变化贡献,为不利气象条件下区域空气质量联防联控提供科学参考.结果表明,2022年44城市PM_2.5浓度为近8年农历同期最低(46μg·m^-3),优良天占比最高(83.3%),不存在重污染天.PM_2.5污染南重北轻,高值区主要集中在太行山沿线及燕山传输通道城市.2016年在春节中期未管控烟花爆竹燃放等源排放强度下,优良天占比93.5%,大气强扩散能力对空气质量改善至关重要.2022年静稳天气指数(SWI)同比增加2.1,大气扩散能力转差,44城市ρ(PM_2.5)均值和峰值同比下降14μg·m^-3和76μg·m^-3,北京减排对PM_2.5浓度降幅较未采取前增大96%,晋鲁豫地区在气象造成PM_2.5浓度上升的不利背景下,峰值下降87μg...     

可见光促有机物诱导铁还原的多相类芬顿体系强化效能与机制

近年来,亚铁离子活化过硫酸盐的类芬顿(Fe²⁺-PMS/PS)高级氧化技术发展日趋成熟,但因Fe³⁺无法还原导致反应停止的问题仍制约其大规模应用.结果发现,当把以双酚A（BPA）为代表的某些有机物与Fe³⁺和TiO₂混合,所形成的某种络合物可以拓宽TiO₂光响应范围捕获可见光,通过TiO₂将光生电子传递给Fe³⁺进行还原,从而实现Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺的无限循环.依据上述原理,构建了可见光下BPA-TiO₂-Fe³⁺-PS复合体系来降解BPA,并对其催化性能、催化机制和影响因素进行探讨.结果表明,该体系具有突出的催化性能,60 min内BPA(50 mg·L^-1)降解率达到93.1%,矿化度达到70%.同时验证该体系可以通过双酚A自生光电子还原Fe³⁺, 60 min还原得到的Fe²⁺稳...     

课证融合模式下实训教学改革研究

课证融合模式就是将课程与职业资格证书相结合的教学模式,是对职业教学改革的探索。但当前存在的实训教学标准模糊、校企合作实训教学条件不足、教师队伍转型滞后、教材开发混乱等现象严重阻碍了课证融合模式的推行,职业院校应当从明确考核评价标准、改进培养方案、加大双师教师的引进和培养、科学开发实训教材等途径进行尝试,推进课证融合。     

Geographic,population, and seasonal patterns in the reproductive parameters of the sea urchin <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paracentrotus lividus</Emphasis>

Generalized additive models were used to synthesize the data from 52 publications on the gonad growth and spawning seasonality of Paracentrotus lividus and identify spatial and temporal patterns in the reproductive processes. According to our results, Atlantic populations spawn in spring and develop large gonads (6.4 ± 0.2% of fresh body weight (mean ± SE)), which increase in size toward higher latitudes. While in the Mediterranean, the gonads are smaller (3.1 ± 0.1%), possibly as the result of successive spawnings which impede nutrients accumulating in the gonads. Differences were also observed between habitats: gonad production was higher in seagrass meadows in the Mediterranean and in subtidal rocky substrates in the Atlantic. Food availability might cause these variations as well as the negative correlation observed between depth and the gonad index for rocky substrates. Sex and body size do not seem to influence greatly gonad growth.     

Bioavailability evaluation of naphthalene in soil using persulfate oxidation and ultrasonic extraction method

Bioavailability is defined as the fraction of a soil contaminant readily available for microbial degradation and for naphthalene it could be estimated by conventional exhaustive extraction methods. In this study, a novel method that employed persulfate oxidation in combination with ultrasonic extraction (POUSE) was developed. Three parameters, temperature, duration of persulfate oxidation, and the ratio of persulfate to soil organic matter (2S,082 /SOM; g g-1), were investigated to obtain an optimum operating conditions. Under the condition, naphthalene bioavailability estimated by the POUSE method was verified and compared with other three exhaustive methods i.e. sonicator, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and soxhlet extraction (SE). When the S2,O(8)2-/SOM ratio was controlled at 11.6 g g-1, the optimum operating conditions of the POUSE method were 70 degreesC and 3 hr, for the temperature and duration. Under these conditions, the residual naphthalene concentrations were correlated well with the residual naphthalene concentrations for both the cases of freshly spiked and aged soils. By contrast, the sonicator, SFE, and the SE overestimated the naphthalene bioavailability since these three methods extracted naphthalene much more than that of biodegradation test. These results demonstrated that the POUSE could estimate more precisely the naphthalene bioavailability.     

生态地球化学调查评价形态分析实验室间比对试验结果分析

通过对生态地球化学调查评价形态分析实验室间比对试验结果的统计分析和技术分析,进一步验证和统一生态地球化学评价样品形态分析方法,提高实验室间形态分析数据的可比性,了解参加实验室形态分析的技术能力,为制定生态地球化学评价样品形态分析相关规范提供基础数据依据。     

污染场地人体健康风险评估研究

以甘肃省某玻璃仪器厂为例,采用污染场地风险评估技术导则(征求意见稿)中评价模型,选取苯为关注污染物,对污染场地5种暴露途径下人体健康风险进行了估算.计算结果表明,污染物各暴露途径的致癌风险贡献从大到小依次为:吸入室外空气中污染物蒸气>吸入室内空气中污染物蒸气>经口摄人>皮肤接触>呼吸吸人土壤颗粒物,联合致癌风险值为7....     

Progress in quantitative research on the relationship between atmospheric oxidation and air quality

Atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC) is an essential driving force of troposphere chemistry and self-cleaning, but the definition of AOC and its quantitative representation remain uncertain. Driven by national demand for air pollution control in recent years, Chinese scholars have carried out studies on theories of atmospheric chemistry and have made considerable progress in AOC research. This paper will give a brief review of these developments. First, AOC indexes were established that represent apparent atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIe) and potential atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIp) based on aspects of macrothermodynamics and microdynamics, respectively. A closed study refined the quantitative contributions of heterogeneous chemistry to AOC in Beijing, and these AOC methods were further applied in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and key areas across the country. In addition, the detection of ground or vertical profiles for atmospheric OH·, HO₂·, NO₃· radicals and reservoir molecules can now be obtained with domestic instruments in diverse environments. Moreover, laboratory smoke chamber simulations revealed heterogeneous processes involving reactions of O₃ and NO₂, which are typical oxidants in the surface/interface atmosphere, and the evolutionary and budgetary implications of atmospheric oxidants reacting under multispecies, multiphase and multi-interface conditions were obtained. Finally, based on the GRAPES-CUACE adjoint model improved by Chinese scholars, simulations of key substances affecting atmospheric oxidation and secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation have been optimized. Normalized numerical simulations of AOIe and AOIp were performed, and regional coordination of AOC was adjusted. An optimized plan for controlling O₃ and PM_2.5 was analyzed by scenario simulation.     

A review of gas-phase chemical mechanisms commonly used in atmospheric chemistry modelling

The atmospheric chemical mechanism is an essential component of airshed models used for investigating the chemical behaviors and impacts of species. Since the first tropospheric chemical mechanism was proposed in the 1960s, various mechanisms including Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM), Carbon Bond Mechanism (CBM), Statewide Air Pollution Research Center (SAPRC) and Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism (RACM) have been developed for different research purposes. This work summarizes the development and applications of these mechanisms, introduces their compositions and lumping methods, and compares the ways the mechanisms treat radicals with box model simulations. CBM can reproduce urban pollution events with relatively low cost compared to SAPRC and RACM, whereas the chemical behaviors of radicals and the photochemical production of ozone are described in detail in RACM. The photolysis rates of some oxygenated compounds are low in SAPRC07, which may result in underestimation of radical levels. As an explicit chemical mechanism, MCM describes the chemical processes of primary pollutants and their oxidation products in detail. MCM can be used to investigate certain chemical processes; however, due to its large size, it is rarely used in regional model simulations. A box model case study showed that the chemical behavior of OH and HO₂ radicals and the production of ozone were well described by all mechanisms. CBM and SAPRC underestimated the radical levels for different chemical treatments, leading to low ozone production values in both cases. MCM and RACM are widely used in box model studies, while CBM and SAPRC are often selected in regional simulations.     

生物炭输入对不同滨岸带土壤营养元素有效态变化的影响

生物炭作为一种新型环保材料常被用于改良土壤和污染修复,生物炭输入对土壤中营养元素的有效态会产生明显影响.本文基于太湖滨岸带不同土地利用类型(林地、草地、耕地和荒地),对比研究生物炭施加对不同类型土壤中营养元素有效态含量的影响,并探讨其动力学变化规律.结果表明,生物炭施加能够明显影响滨岸带土壤营养元素有效态含量,但对碳氮磷的影响效果存在差别.添加生物炭之后,土壤中溶解性有机碳呈显著下降趋势,而有效氮轻微增加,有效磷则明显增加.林地、草地、耕地和荒地土壤中溶解性有机碳含量分别下降了33. 3%、27. 4%、29. 5%和51. 4%;有效氮含量分别提高了10. 8%、18. 2%、16. 4%和15. 2%;有效磷含量分别增加了40. 0%、50. 2%、34. 0%和43. 6%.对比控制组(CK)和添加组(BC)的变化,土壤溶解性有机碳和有效磷含量在两组之间差别不大,而有效氮的含量变化差距较大,且在4种利用类型土壤中,生物炭施加后对不同营养元素有效态的影响程度有所差异.