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381.
地下渗滤系统处理农村生活污水的研究 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:9
在天津武清区一村落构建了2个并行的地下渗滤系统,考察了其对农村生活污水的处理效果。该系统水力负荷为10 cm/d,处理能力为50 t/d。填充介质选用土壤、陶粒、炉渣和两种自然有机质,按5∶2∶2∶1的比例配置的人工土层。结果表明地下渗滤系统对污水中各种主要污染因子均有一定的去除效果,在进水COD和C/N较低的不利条件下,COD、总磷、氨氮、总氮、悬浮物均得到有效去除,出水中各项污染指标平均浓度均达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》中的一级A标准;具体到不同的污染指标,添加了不同有机质的2个并行系统的处理效果也有所不同。总体上看,地下渗滤系统作为农村生活污水的处理设施有很好的应用前景。 相似文献
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383.
Significantly high radiation level and radionuclide concentration along Quilon beach area of coastal Kerala have been reported by several investigators. Detailed gamma radiation level survey was carried out using a portable scintillometer. Detailed studies on radionuclides concentration in different environmental matrices of high background areas were undertaken in the coastal areas of Karunagapalli, Kayankulam, Chavara, Neendakara and Kollam to study the distribution and enrichment of the radionuclides in the region. The absorbed gamma dose rates in air in high background area are in the range 43-17,400 nGyh−1. Gamma radiation level is found to be maximum at a distance of 20 m from the sea waterline in all beaches. The soil samples collected from different locations were analysed for primordial radionuclides by gamma spectrometry. The activity of primordial radionuclides was determined for the different size fractions of soil to study the enrichment pattern. The highest activity of 232Th and 226Ra was found to be enriched in 125-63 μ size fraction. The preferential accumulation of 40K was found in <63 μ fraction. The minimum 232Th activity was 30.2 Bq kg−1, found in 1000-500 μ particle size fraction at Kollam and maximum activity of 3250.4 Bq kg−1 was observed in grains of size 125-63 μ at Neendakara. The lowest 226Ra activity observed was 33.9 Bq kg−1 at Neendakara in grains of size 1000-500 μ and the highest activity observed was 482.6 Bq kg−1 in grains of size 125-63 μ in Neendakara. The highest 40K activity found was 1923 Bq kg−1 in grains of size <63 μ for a sample collected from Neendakara. A good correlation was observed between computed dose and measured dose in air. The correlation between 232Th and 226Ra was also moderately high. The results of these investigations are presented and discussed in this paper. 相似文献
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385.
固定化白腐真菌反应器与接触氧化反应器联用处理癸二酸生产废水 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
采用固定化白腐真菌(WRF)反应器与接触氧化反应器联用处理癸二酸废水。在WRF反应器中,以汽曝玉米秸秆为载体,并添加铜、铁促进白腐真菌生长和产酶作用,载体的使用寿命约为45 d。在进水苯酚平均质量浓度为69.36 mg/L、平均进水COD为1 648.81 mg/L的条件下,经WRF反应器处理后,苯酚平均质量浓度降至7.59 mg/L,平均出水COD降至478.03 mg/L;再经接触氧化反应器处理后,苯酚平均质量浓度降至1.65 mg/L,平均出水COD降至297.31 mg/L。 相似文献
386.
B. Collange M. Rault Y. Capowiez 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(6):2266-2272
Assessment of wildlife exposure to organophosphorus (OP) pesticides generally involves the measurement of cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition, and complementary biomarkers (or related endpoints) are rarely included. Herein, we investigated the time course inhibition and recovery of ChE and carboxylesterase (CE) activities in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris exposed to chlorpyrifos, and the ability of oximes to reactivate the phosphorylated ChE activity. Results indicated that these esterase activities are a suitable multibiomarker scheme for monitoring OP exposure due to their high sensitivity to OP inhibition and slow recovery to full activity levels following pesticide exposure. Moreover, oximes reactivated the inhibited ChE activity of the earthworms exposed to 12 and 48 mg kg−1 chlorpyrifos during the first week following pesticide exposure. This methodology is useful for providing evidence for OP-mediated ChE inhibition in individuals with a short history of OP exposure (≤1 week); resulting a valuable approach for assessing multiple OP exposure episodes in the field. 相似文献
387.
Mobility of radium and trace metals in sediments of the Winterbeek: Application of sequential extraction and DGT techniques 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
For several decades, phosphate ores containing 226Ra as well as several trace metals have been processed in Belgium to produce calcium phosphate for use in cattle food. The waste water is discharged in two small rivers, the Laak and the Winterbeek.In this study, the levels of 226Ra and trace metals in surface water and sediments of the Winterbeek were investigated and the mobility of these compounds was assessed using DGT (Diffusive Gradient in Thin Films) and sequential extraction techniques.The concentrations of 226Ra and trace metals in water and sediment indicate a decreasing trend in inputs to the Winterbeek.The mobility of 226Ra, assessed by DGT, is related to the reductive mobilization of Fe. The sequential extraction technique shows that at some stations an important fraction of 226Ra is found to labile sediment phases.Diffusive 226Ra sediment fluxes, are however, relatively small and have only a minor contribution to the water column concentration of 226Ra. 相似文献
388.
Hongfang Lu Yu Bai Hai Ren Daniel E. Campbell 《Journal of environmental management》2010,91(12):2727-2735
China is the largest rice producing and consuming country in the world, but rice production has given way to the production of vegetables during the past twenty years. The government has been trying to stop this land-use conversion and increase the area in rice-vegetable rotation. Important questions that must be answered to determine what strategy is best for society are, “What is the reason behind this conversion?”; “Which system is more productive and which is more sustainable?”; and “How can economic policy be used to adjust the pattern of farmland use to attain sustainable development?” To answer these questions, a combined evaluation of these agricultural production systems was done using emergy, energy and economic methods. An economic analysis clearly showed that the reason for this conversion was simply that the economic output/input ratio and the benefit density of the vegetable production system were greater than that of rice. However, both energy and emergy evaluations showed that long-term rice was the best choice for sustainable development, followed by rotation systems. The current price of rice is lower than the em-value of rice produced from the long-term rice system, but higher than that of rice produced from the rotation system. Scenario analysis showed that if the government increases the price of rice to the em-value of rice produced from the long-term rice system, US$0.4/kg, and takes the value of soil organic matter into account, the economic output/input ratios of both the rice and rotation systems will be higher than that of the vegetable system. The three methods, energy, emergy and economics, are different but complementary, each revealing a different aspect of the same system. Their combined use shows not only the reasons behind a system’s current state or condition, but also the way to adjust these systems to move toward more sustainable states. 相似文献
389.
An Estimation of the Effects of China’s Priority Forestry Programs on Farmers’ Income 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In the late 1990s, the Chinese government initiated some new programs and consolidated other existing ones of ecological restoration and resource development in its forest sector, and renamed them as “Priority Forestry Programs,” or PFPs. They include the Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP), the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP), the Desertification Combating Program around Beijing and Tianjin (DCBT), the Shelterbelt Development Program (SBDP), and the Wildlife Conservation and Nature Reserve Development Program (WCNR). In addition to improving the environmental and resource conditions, a frequently reiterated goal of these PFPs is to increase rural households’ income, therefore discussing why looking at rural household income impacts might be an important part of forest program evaluation. Thus, an interesting and important question is: How has implementing the PFPs affected the farmers’ income and poverty status? This article addresses this question using a fixed-effects model and a panel dataset that covers 1968 households in four provinces for ten consecutive years (1995–2004). The empirical evidence indicates that their effects are mixed. The SLCP, the SBDP, and the NFPP have made positive impact and, by far, the SLCP has the largest effect. But the WCNR and the DCBT still have not had a pronounced overall effect due to their short time span of execution, even though they may have exerted certain influence at the margin. Notably, the impact of the WCNR, if any, is negative. 相似文献
390.
Analysis of arable land loss and its impact on rural sustainability in Southern Jiangsu Province of China 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Rapid urbanization and industrialization in southern Jiangsu Province have consumed a huge amount of arable land. Through comparative analysis of land cover maps derived from TM images in 1990, 2000 and 2006, we identified the trend of arable land loss. It is found that most arable land is lost to urbanization and rural settlements development. Urban settlements, rural settlements, and industrial park-mine-transport land increased, respectively, by 87 997 ha (174.65%), 81 041 ha (104.52%), and 12 692 ha (397.99%) from 1990 to 2006. Most of the source (e.g., change from) land covers are rice paddy fields and dryland. These two covers contributed to newly urbanized areas by 37.12% and 73.52% during 1990–2000, and 46.39% and 38.86% during 2000–2006. However, the loss of arable land is weakly correlated with ecological service value, per capita net income of farmers, but positively with grain yield for some counties. Most areas in the study site have a low arable land depletion rate and a high potential for sustainable development. More attention should be directed at those counties that have a high depletion rate but a low potential for sustainable development. Rural settlements should be controlled and rationalized through legislative measures to achieve harmonious development between urban and rural areas, and sustainable development for rural areas with a minimal impact on the ecoenvironment. 相似文献