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205.
Bioproduction strategies for rare hexose sugars 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Izumori K 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2002,89(3):120-124
A new strategy for the bioproduction of all ketohexoses was developed using hexitols as intermediates. Biocatalysts used to employ the strategy were D-tagatose 3-epimerase, which epimerizes ketohexoses at the C-3 position, and oxidoreductases, which catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions between ketohexoses and the corresponding hexitols. Arranging all the ketohexoses and hexitols in a symmetric ring and connecting them with 20 biochemical reactions, I was able to construct a design for the bioproduction of all the rare ketohexoses. Various aldose isomerases transform ketohexoses into the corresponding aldohexoses, so the strategy is useful for the bioproduction of all the rare hexose sugars. Furthermore, the design revealed that there are four routes to the L-hexose world from the D-hexose one. 相似文献
206.
Ziegler CK 《Environmental management》2002,29(3):409-427
The stability of cohesive sediment deposits during a rare storm is a critical component in the evaluation of remedial options
at a contaminated sediment site. Estimating scour depths during a rare storm, and the resulting contaminant concentrations
in the surficial layer of the bed, is necessary for comparing the efficacy of various remedial alternatives. Evaluation of
sediment stability is accomplished using sediment transport analyses that employ quantitative procedures. Qualitative analyses
or conceptual models can be useful for developing and validating quantitative analysis tools; however, qualitative techniques
alone generally are insufficient for conducting defensible remedial alternative evaluations. The level of analysis used for
a specific site depends on data availability, required level of accuracy, and time and budget constraints. A tier 1 analysis
involves the use of approximate equations to produce order-of-magnitude estimates of scour depths during a rare storm. The
second tier of this analysis scheme employs the development and application of a sediment transport model to evaluate bed
stability. State-of-the-science sediment transport models have been effectively used as management tools for evaluating remedial
options at several contaminated sediment sites. It should not be presumed that rare storm events cause catastrophic impacts
at the site under review. Two case studies demonstrate that a rare storm is not necessarily catastrophic; significant increases
in surficial bed concentrations caused by reexposure of elevated concentrations buried at depth in the bed will not necessarily
occur during a rare storm. However, it is important to note that sediment stability is site-specific. 相似文献
207.
Under the United States Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, a class I designation safeguards wilderness areas from the negative
effects of new sources of air pollution. We monitored streamwater chemistry in the class I Lye Brook Wilderness in southwestern
Vermont from May 1994 through August 1995. Stream samples were collected biweekly at nine sampling locations throughout the
wilderness and were analyzed for major cations and anions, dissolved organic carbon, pH, and acid-neutralizing capacity. Eight
of nine sites sampled had mean annual acid neutralizing capacity values below zero. During the study period, decreases in
streamwater acid neutralizing capacity values were caused primarily by SO4
2−. At some sites, however, NO3
− and naturally occurring, weak organic acids were seasonally important. During high discharge, the low pH and high concentrations
of inorganic monomeric Al were at levels that are toxic to acid-sensitive aquatic species. Watershed mass balances were calculated
to determine annual gains or losses for measured ions. These budgets indicate that S inputs and outputs were nearly equal,
there was a net loss of base cations, and a net gain in N. How long these watersheds can continue to assimilate additional
N inputs is unknown. 相似文献
208.
In this study, we analyzed the sustainability and determinant factors of waste reduction through variable charging schemes.
We drew three main conclusions from the study. (1) Waste reduction was achieved by variable charging and was sustained over
an average of at least 10 years. The results regarding the sustainability of the price effect were inconclusive. (2) The main
factors contributing to the combustible waste reduction achieved through variable charging were two-tier pricing and the price
of waste bags. The effect of two-tier pricing programs was positive. (3) Waste paper recycling and variable charging reinforce
each other to promote waste reduction.
Received: September 3, 2001 / Accepted: January 13, 2002 相似文献
209.
A national Baumol–Oates tax on waste in Denmark helped achieve a reduction of 26% in net solid waste from 1987 to 1998. The
tax, which is levied per ton of waste, was particularly effective as regards the heavier waste streams such as construction
waste and garden waste. When it comes to industrial and commercial waste, there are indications that the waste tax is not
sufficiently significant to induce changes in behavior, and that except for very waste-intensive enterprises, companies do
not seem to be very price sensitive. For household waste, the impact of the tax can be improved where tariffs for garbage
collection are weight based, rather than per unit. However, the waste sector is an area in which the price signals are modified
and filtered by institutionalized practices in municipal administration, and in which true-cost pricing is not easy to achieve.
Hence, the rational choice assumption of environmental economics needs to be supplemented by an institutional dimension to
interpret responses to environmental taxes correctly.
Received: July 13, 2001 / Accepted: October 2, 2001 相似文献
210.
Satoru Fujita Kenzi Suzuki Yasuo Shibasaki Toshiaki Mori 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2002,4(1):70-76
Hydrogarnet was synthesized hydrothermally below 200°C using molten slag obtained from municipal solid waste. For comparison,
it was also synthesized using pure-phase CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O, as reported previously. The structural and textural properties of this material were investigated using various analytical
and spectroscopic techniques such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS),
thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy.
The Cl− fixation ability of hydrogarnet was investigated in the temperature range 500–800°C in a fixed-bed flow reactor using a HCl
concentration (1000 p.p.m.v.) similar to that of incinerator exhaust gas. Under these experimental conditions, the hydrogarnet
was capable of reducing the HCl gas level to less than 1 p.p.m.v. Analysis of the spent catalyst revealed that the hydrogarnet
was being transformed into wadalite and CaCl2 at high temperatures. The elution test for chromium ions in hydrogarnet obtained from slag was also used, and it was found
that chromium ions were not eluted from hydrogarnet.
Received: January 27, 2001 / Accepted: October 11, 2001 相似文献