六株真菌对土壤中芘和苯并芘的降解及其动力学

研究了6株真菌对土壤中芘和苯并芘(BaP)的降解动态,用Michaelis-Menton和Monod动力学模型对结果进行拟合.结果表明,6株真菌对芘和BaP的降解速率有显著性差异,降解率相差不大.产黄青霉(Penicillium chrysogenum,SF04),在42d内对BaP的降解能力最强,可达71.31%,对芘的降解能力相对最弱.镰刀菌(Fusariumsp.,SF11),黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger,SF05),木霉(Trichodermasp.,SF02)和毛霉(Mucorsp.,SF06)42d对芘的降解率分别为86.22%,86.18%,85.41%,85.04%,对BaP的降解率分别为71.11%,69.44%,69.05%,69.72%.木霉(Trichodermasp.,SF02)和毛霉(Mucorsp.,SF06)对芘和BaP的降解速率均很快.     

中国铝冶炼行业二氧化碳排放达峰路径研究

铝冶炼行业是高耗能、高排放行业,也是有色金属行业中CO₂排放量最大的领域,在全国2030年碳达峰背景下,铝冶炼行业将面临巨大的减排压力. 统筹考虑社会经济发展、能源结构、工艺结构、技术进步、进出口影响等因素,采用回归分析和情景分析等方法,对2021—2035年我国铝冶炼行业碳排放趋势及影响因素进行分析,识别碳减排的主要驱动因素,提出推动碳达峰的关键举措,为制定碳达峰目标背景下的铝冶炼行业碳排放控制路径提供参考. 结果表明:①实现铝冶炼行业碳达峰任务艰巨,在严格落实电解铝产能总量控制以及多项措施实施的前提下,预计可实现铝冶炼行业“十四五”末期至“十五五”初期达峰,峰值在5.3×108~6.4×108 t之间,达峰后保持2年左右平台期,产能控制是削峰的关键. ②提高再生铝利用水平是决定铝冶炼行业能否快速达峰的关键,到2030年其对行业碳减排的贡献率为77.3%. ③推进清洁能源替代,鼓励电解铝产能向可再生电力富集地区转移是铝冶炼行业碳减排的重要手段,到2030年其对行业碳减排的贡献率为21.5%. ④提高短流程比例也是铝冶炼行业碳减排的重要方向,到2030年其对行业碳减排的贡献率为1.2%. 研究显示,铝冶炼行业碳减排工作重点聚焦于推进严控产能总量、调整优化产业结构、加强清洁能源替代、强化技术降碳等方面.      

滤速与水质对低温含铁锰氨地下水中氨去除的影响

在某除铁锰氨氮地下水水厂,以中试滤柱开展了低温(6～8℃)生物除铁锰硝化耦合CANON[Fe(Ⅱ) 2.91～6.35 mg·L~(-1)、 Mn(Ⅱ) 0.47～0.98 mg·L~(-1)和NH~+_4-N 1.15～2.26 mg·L~(-1)]工艺运行实验,探究滤速与水质对氨氮去除的影响.结果表明,停运1个月的成熟低温铁锰氨生物滤柱以2 m·h~(-1)的滤速经过40 d的培养,成功启动了低温生物除铁锰硝化耦合CANON工艺.在此工艺中当保持进水浓度不变,提升滤速会降低滤柱对氨氮的网捕效率,增加滤层深处的氨氮浓度,提高滤层深处AnAOB对氨氮离子的网捕效率,进而导致水中经CANON作用去除的氨氮增加,而硝化作用去除的氨氮降低;当保持滤速不变,提升进水氨氮浓度会使更高浓度的氨氮进入滤层,增加了氨氮和亚氮共存区域中氨氮的浓度,提高了滤层中AnAOB对氨氮离子的网捕效率,进而导致CANON作用去除的氨氮增加.     

铁碳微电解工艺预处理制药废水实验研究

制药废水中含有大量难生物降解的化学物质,其BOD5/COD值很低,可生化性差。故一般仅采用生化处理很难将其COD降低到排放标准,现采用铁碳微电解法并串联Fenton工艺对某制药厂废水进行预处理。以废水COD为指标并通过正交试验确定达到最佳处理效果的各因素的最佳组合条件为:前端的铁碳微电解反应时间为2.5 h,pH值为5,铁碳质量比1:2,Fe粉的投加量为120 g/L;后续Fenton反应投加30%H2O23 mL/L,FeSO.47H2O(100 g/L)400 mg/L,调节pH值为2,反应时间2.5 h,总去除率大于70%,为工业化应用做出铺垫。     

南方冬季条件下根际促生菌与肥料配施对巨菌草迁移累积镉砷的影响

优良菌种是微生物肥料的基础,研究微生物肥料中低温适应型菌株在低温条件下的促生性,对于提高南方冬闲时植物修复重金属污染农田具有重要意义.通过形态观察及18S rRNA基因序列分析,对菌株进行了鉴定,在此基础上进行植物盆栽试验,分析了3株不同根际促生菌单独施加及其与肥料（鸡粪+微量元素）配施对镉砷复合污染土壤中巨菌草迁移累积Cd、As的影响.分离菌株的初步鉴定结果表明,3株根际促生菌（M1、M2、M3）分别为云南木霉（Trichoderma yunnanense）、卵形孢球托霉（Gongronella butleri）、越橘间座壳菌（Diaporthe vaccinii）.纯培养试验表明,M1、M2、M3均可在南方冬季低温条件下生长.盆栽试验结果表明,与CK处理相比,单独施菌或肥料及菌株与肥料配施均能提高巨菌草茎叶生物量,分别提高14.12%~84.35%、13.36%、57.25%~143.13%.在所有处理中,M3与肥料配施后,植株茎叶生物量达到最大.不同处理可影响巨菌草对Cd和As的吸收累积,但对巨菌草各部位影响不同.单独施菌时,M3对巨菌草茎叶Cd、As积累量提升最多,分别提高145.83%、64.03%;当菌株与肥料配施时,M3与肥料配施对巨菌草茎叶Cd、As积累量提升最多,分别提高94.17%、142.45%.可见,3株根际促生菌在南方冬季均能提高巨菌草生物量,其中,菌株M3与肥料配施具有开发为有效治理镉砷复合污染土壤的微生物肥料的良好前景.     

负载型铜酞菁的制备及其催化氧化巯基乙醇

以3-(环己氧基)-邻苯二腈和氯化铜为原料,通过钼酸铵固相法合成了一种烷氧基取代的铜酞菁配合物α-四(环己氧基)铜酞菁(CuPc),采用浸渍法将其负载在MCM-41和SBA-15介孔分子筛中,制备了CuPc/MCM-41和CuPc/SBA-15催化剂,并且负载后的酞菁还能回收利用,仍然具有催化效果。采用紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-vis)、红外光谱(IR)对目标产物进行表征,并用TG对酞菁进行热稳定性分析,结果表明酞菁在200℃时开始失重,350℃时失重率最大为58%;通过氮气吸附对催化剂进行表征,证明酞菁已经进入到分子筛孔道,孔容积分别从0.132 cm3/g减至0.055 cm3/g和0.420 cm3/g减至0.202 cm3/g。研究了2种催化剂在不同pH、催化剂浓度下对巯基乙醇(ME)催化氧化性能的影响,结果表明,CuPc/SBA-15对巯基乙醇(ME)具有较高的催化活性,且2种催化剂的活性在pH=12时都达到最大。     

Temporal variability of atmospheric particulate matter and chemical composition during a growing season at an agricultural site in northeastern China

This study presents the observations of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) concentrations at an agricultural site from April to October 2012 in Dehui city,China.Ambient air was sampled by filter-based samplers and online PM monitors.The filter samples were analyzed to determine the abundance of ionic/inorganic elements,organic carbon(OC) and elemental carbon(EC).The daily PM_(10) concentrations varied significantly over the monitoring period,with an average of168 ± 63(in the range of 52-277) μg/m~3 during the land preparation/planting period(26 April-15 June),85 ± 65(36-228) μg/m~3 during the growing season(16 June-25 September),and 207 ±88(103-310) μg/m~3 during the harvest period(26 September-31 October).PM_(2.5) accounted for44%,56%and 66%of atmospheric PM_(10) during these periods,respectively.The PM_(10) diurnal variation showed a distinct peak from 16:00 to 21:00(LST) during the growing and harvesting seasons,while a gradual increase throughout the daytime until 17:00 was observed during tilling season.Mineral dust elements(Al,Ca,Fe,and Mg) dominated the PM_(10) chemical composition during the tilling season;OC,NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-) and NH_4~+ during the growing season;and carbonaceous species(i.e.,OC and EC) during the harvesting season.Our results indicate that the soil particles emitted by farm tillage and organic matter released from straw burning are the two most significant sources of PM_(10) emissions contributing to the recurring high pollution events in this region.Therefore,development of agricultural PM inventories from soil tillage and straw burning is prioritized to support air quality modeling.     

进水氨氮浓度对生物除磷颗粒系统的影响

在SBR反应器中接种成熟的生物除磷颗粒,通过分阶段提高进水中氨氮浓度,研究了进水氨氮浓度对生物除磷颗粒系统的影响,确定系统对进水氨氮负荷的承受能力.结果表明,进水氨氮浓度低于45 mg·L~(-1)时,生物除磷颗粒系统具有良好的性能,TP去除率在96%以上,COD去除率在89%以上,出水TP浓度和COD浓度分别在0. 4 mg·L~(-1)和25 mg·L~(-1)以下,颗粒粒径在950μm以上,SVI在45 m L·g~(-1)以下;进水氨氮浓度为60 mg·L~(-1)时,TP去除率在95%以上,出水TP浓度在0. 5mg·L~(-1)以下,颗粒粒径为760μm,SVI为56 m L·g~(-1),系统中生物除磷颗粒出现部分解体,PAOs代谢和生长开始受到抑制.进水氨氮浓度达到70 mg·L~(-1)时,TP去除率为70%,出水TP浓度在3 mg·L~(-1)左右,颗粒粒径为570μm,SVI为75 m L·g~(-1),PN/PS值达到7. 50左右,系统中生物除磷颗粒严重解体,PAOs代谢和生长被严重抑制.随着进水氨氮浓度上升,导致生物除磷颗粒中微生物分泌蛋白质增加和多糖减少,PN/PS值增大,出现生物除磷颗粒解体,颗粒粒径减小和SVI上升,生物除磷颗粒的结构和功能被破坏.     

Hydrolysis of polyaluminum chloride prior to coagulation: Effects on coagulation behavior and implications for improving coagulation performance

The effects of polyaluminum chloride (PACl) hydrolysis prior to coagulation on both the coagulation zone and coagulation performance of a kaolin suspension were investigated by a novel jar test named the “reversed coagulation test”. The tests showed that PACl hydrolysis prior to coagulation decreased the performance of charge neutralization coagulation in the case of short-time slow mixing (10 min; G = 15 sec ?1 ) and increased the optimal dosage for charge neutralization and sweep coagulation. Moreover, the hydrolysis time had insignificant effects on the size and zeta potential of PACl precipitates and the residual turbidity of the raw water. However, PACl hydrolysis prior to coagulation and the size of PACl precipitates had a negligible effect on the performance of sweep coagulation.The results imply that, in practice, preparing a PACl solution with deionized water, rather than tap water or the outlet water from a wastewater treatment unit, can significantly save PACl consumption and improve the performance of charge neutralization coagulation,while preparing the PACl solution with tap or outlet water would not affect the performance of sweep coagulation. In addition, the optimal rapid mixing intensity appears to be deter-mined by a balance between the degree of coagulant hydrolysis before contacting the primary particles and the average size of flocs in the rapid mixing period. These results provide new insights into the role of PACl hydrolysis and will be useful for improving coagulation efficiency.     

重庆市城区园林土壤质量现状研究

文章通过对重庆市渝中区、沙坪坝区、江北区、南岸区等主城六区的道路、街旁绿地土壤养分、理化性状的测试分析,对园林土壤质量进行了综合评价。结果表明,重庆主城区市街绿地土壤总体质量不高,具体表现为有机质含量普遍偏低,土壤不缺钾,轻度缺氮,磷素极缺;土壤中的建筑垃圾使其保水保肥能力较差,部分土壤发生碱化和盐渍化。