国内首个MW级分布式能源系统烟囱合理性分析

介绍了分布式能源系统的构成、运行特点及技术发展情况,研究了国内首个MW级分布式供能系统工程的烟囱高度和形式,预测和分析了项目大气污染物对环境的影响,证明了该项目烟囱选择的合理性,为下阶段国内分布式能源系统烟囱选型奠定技术基础。     

Farmers’ perceptions of climate variability and barriers to adaptation: lessons learned from an exploratory study in Vietnam

Southeast Asian countries are confronting climate variability, challenging agricultural sustainability and rural livelihoods. However, little research effort has been devoted to exploring how farmers in those countries perceive climate variability and how the perceptions link to adaptive responses. This paper deploys information from three focus group discussions with 30 male farmers; and six in-depth interviews with one female and five male agricultural officers in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Recorded 34-year meteorological data in the delta from 1978 to 2011 is also incorporated to demonstrate the actual climate variability of the region. We find that farmers are becoming increasingly conscious of local climate variability issues. However, they have limited understanding of the importance of adaptation to their livelihoods. They also have limited knowledge of where and who to contact for appropriate climate change adaptation information. No opinions about the link between global warming and local climate variability and change were observed. Casual observation via public media and personal experience dominated farmers’ sources of information. Barriers to farmers’ adaptation are not exclusively restricted to socio-economic factors and resource constraints; e.g. land tenure, technical knowledge, market, social relationship, credit, information, health care, and demographics. Maladaptation, habit, and the perception of the importance of climate variability and adaptation are found as additional constraints. Observed differences in farmers’ and agricultural officers’ perspectives regarding barriers to farmers’ adaptation suggest important policy implications.     

双组分VOCs的催化氧化及动力学分析

考察了微波加热与管式炉加热下挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)甲苯与氯苯的催化氧化性能,并对双组分VOCs的反应动力学进行了分析.结果表明,VOCs的竞争吸附使得双组分中甲苯和氯苯的转化率比单组分降低3%~12%;微波的"热点效应"与"非热效应"使得VOCs转化效率明显优于管式炉加热,尤其是氯苯的转化率提高了31%~38%;微波加热降低了氧化反应温度和处理能耗.动力学分析表明,微波加热下甲苯和氯苯的反应活化能比管式炉加热下减少了2146 J·mol-1和1450J·mol-1,微波加热下氯苯的化学反应速率常数是管式炉加热的35倍,甲苯的反应速率常数提高了6倍.     

一株耐低温石油降解菌的鉴定及降解特性

在低温条件下(15℃),从抚顺石油二厂曝气池活性污泥中驯化和分离得到一株以柴油为碳源的降解菌株Q21,通过菌体形态、生理生化反应特性和16S rDNA基因测序分析对其进行鉴定.菌株Q21为琼式不动杆菌(Acinetobacter junii),该菌株利用柴油生长的最佳条件为:接种量为10%,生长温度为15℃,pH值为7.0,摇床转速为150 r·min-1,盐度为0.5%~1.0%,降解率为71.50%;降解后的残油组分经GC-MS分析结果表明,菌株Q21能降解柴油中所含的C9~C24之间大部分烷烃.     

澳大利亚新南威尔士州《污染土地管理法》及其实施效果

澳大利亚新南威尔士州1997年出台的《污染土地管理法》核心内容包括污染土地责任人的界定、初步调查令、重大污染土地的认定、治理令、自愿治理方案、继续治理令,以及污染土地治理费用的偿还,即环保署支付费用的偿还、公共权力机构执行命令时支付费用的偿还、当事人之间费用的偿还和统一基金拨款的偿还。《污染土地管理法》实施以来,效果较好。     

不同条件下皂苷对污染塿土中Cu、Pb的淋洗修复

为了探讨环境友好型生物表面活性剂皂苷(saponin)对污染塿土中重金属Cu、Pb的淋洗修复效果,采用批次试验方法,研究了皂苷在不同的淋洗时间、质量浓度、p H、淋洗次数及背景电解质强度下对Cu、Pb单一污染塿土和复合污染塿土中Cu、Pb的淋洗效果.结果表明,当皂苷质量浓度为50 g·L-1、p H值为5.0、淋洗时间为240 min、无背景电解质离子共存时,重金属离子通过与皂苷胶团络合,对污染塿土中Cu、Pb的淋洗去除效果达到最大;在单一污染塿土和复合污染塿土中,50g·L-1的皂苷在最佳淋洗条件下对Cu的单次淋洗百分率分别为29.02%和25.09%,对Pb的单次淋洗百分率分别为31.56%和28.03%,同时也显示皂苷对Pb的去除效果比Cu更显著.经过4次淋洗后,在单一污染塿土和复合污染塿土中皂苷对Cu的累积淋洗百分率分别为58.92%和53.11%,对Pb的累积淋洗百分率分别为77.69%和65.32%.单次淋洗前后污染塿土中重金属形态分级结果表明:污染塿土中吸附态、交换态Cu、Pb的质量分数有所增加;碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态和硫化物残渣态的Cu、Pb可得到有效去除.     

Insights into the role of age and social interactions on the sexual attractiveness of queens in an eusocial bee, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melipona flavolineata</Emphasis> (Apidae,Meliponini)

The attraction of sexual partners is a vital necessity among insects, and it involves conflict of interests and complex communication systems among male and female. In this study, we investigated the developing of sexual attractiveness in virgin queens (i.e., gynes) of Melipona flavolineata, an eusocial stingless bee. We followed the development of sexual attractiveness in 64 gynes, belonging to seven age classes (0, 3, 6, 9, 15, 18 days post-emergence), and we also evaluated the effect of different social interactions (such as competition between queens and interactions with workers) on the development of attractiveness in other 60 gynes. We used the number of males that tried to mate with a focal gyne as a representative variable of its sexual attractiveness. During the essays, each gyne was individually presented to 10 sexually mature males, and during 3 min, we counted the number of males that everted their genitalia in response to the presence of a gyne. Here, we show that M. flavolineata gynes are capable to (i) maintain their sexual attractiveness for long periods through adult life, (ii) they need a minimum social interaction to trigger the development of sexual attractiveness, and (iii) that gynes express this trait only within a social context. We conclude that the effective occurrence of matings is conditional on potential social interactions that gynes experienced before taking the nuptial flight, when they are still in the nest. These findings bring insights into the factors determining reproductive success in social insects.     

PM2.5和SO2复合暴露对大鼠心脏病理学及炎症因子表达的影响

将雄性SD大鼠分为对照组、1.5 mg·kg~(-1)PM_(2.5)组、5.6 mg·m-3SO_2组及1.5、6、24 mg·kg~(-1)PM_(2.5)和5.6 mg·m-3SO_2联合作用组.采用HE染色法、荧光实时定量PCR和ELISA等方法测定各组大鼠心脏组织病理学变化和炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、i NOS基因表达及NO含量.结果表明,与对照组相比,SO_2(5.6 mg%m-3)或PM_(2.5)(1.5 mg·kg~(-1))单独作用没有引起明显的心肌细胞损伤,而PM_(2.5)和SO_2共同作用导致不同程度的心肌排列紊乱,细胞间隙增大及炎症细胞浸润和出血,比SO_2(5.6 mg%m-3)或PM_(2.5)(1.5 mg·kg~(-1))单独作用有严重的病理学损伤.1.5mg·kg~(-1)PM_(2.5)和SO_2引起4个基因表达和NO水平的变化与对照组相比没有统计学意义,而PM_(2.5)和SO_2联合处理引起大鼠心脏炎症因子表达水平比对照组显著增高,同时与SO_2组或PM_(2.5)组相比也有显著升高.提示在本实验条件下,相比于PM_(2.5)(1.5 mg·kg~(-1))和SO_2(5.6 mg·m-3)单独作用,二者复合暴露能引起心脏组织病理损伤和炎症因子高表达,这可能是PM_(2.5)和SO_2引发心脏疾病的重要机制.