Entangling the Complexity of Protected Area Management: The Case of Wolong Biosphere Reserve,Southwestern China

Protected Area (PA) management is a complex issue that requires the consideration of many factors and relationships. A conceptual framework for the analysis of biodiversity change, local human communities, and PA management was put forward, accordingly. Under the framework, we investigated the economic status, livelihood activities, biodiversity use and perceptions of local communities, and the land use history in Wolong Biosphere Reserve, southwestern China through household survey and document review in order to gain a better understanding of the complexity of PA management. According to the land use history, the preservation of agro-biodiversity, and the raising of productivity, ecological rehabilitation and the regulation of the human pressures are indispensable in the management of the reserve. Livelihood activities and the perceptions of local communities were largely determined by the socioeconomic background, which has important implications in solving the conflicts or incompatibilities in the reserve. In Wolong Biosphere Reserve, it is beneficial to support local farmers in solving their socioeconomic problems such as the overabundance of labor force and the lack of livelihood alternatives. Without this, there will be scarcely any effective biodiversity conservation and successful reserve management in the long term.     

沿空窄煤柱锚网带支护的巷道稳定性研究

锚杆支护是煤矿采准巷道的重要支护方式 ,沿空留巷技术是回采巷道支护技术改革的主要方面。笔者将两种技术相结合 ,用于保证回采巷道的稳定。在现场矿压观测的基础上 ,讨论了支承压力分布规律和窄煤柱护巷机理 ,运用极限平衡理论计算出护巷煤柱宽度 ,同时结合数值分析和现场巷道变形以观测结果 ,实践证明 ,只要设计参数合理 ,施工质量满足要求 ,沿空窄煤柱锚网带支护技术就可以保证回采巷道的稳定     

Estimating nitrate leaching with a transfer function model incorporating net mineralization and uptake of nitrogen

Because of the complex interaction of chemical and biological processes of nitrogen (N) in soils, it is difficult to estimate the leaching of nitrate with various N transformations in porous media. In this study, a transfer function model was developed to simulate the outflow concentration of nitrate in soils during the growth of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), taking into account the main N transformations using source and sink terms. The source and sink terms were treated as inputs to the solute transport volume and incorporated into the transfer function model to characterize their effects on nitrate concentration in the outflow. A field experiment was conducted in three nonweighing lysimeters for 181 d. Nitrate concentrations were measured along the 2-m soil profile of each lysimeter at different times. Comparison between the experimental data and simulated results with the transfer function showed that the model provided reasonable prediction of the nitrate leaching process as well as the total amount leached. Results also indicated that considering the N transformations in the transfer function significantly increased the estimation accuracy. The relative errors of total amount leached were < 7% with the N transformations included, but up to 17% without including the transformation processes.     

Arsenic distribution in Florida urban soils: comparison between Gainesville and Miami

Arsenic contamination is of concern due to its effect as a carcinogen. Understanding the distribution of arsenic in urban soils is important for establishing baseline concentrations from which anthropogenic effects can be measured. The soil cleanup target level (SCTL) for arsenic in Florida (0.8 and 3.7 mg kg(-1) in residential and commercial areas, respectively) is lower than in most states and is near the arsenic background concentrations in Florida soils. The objective of this study was to characterize the distribution of arsenic in the soils of two Florida cities, Gainesville and Miami. More than 200 soil samples were collected from three land-use classes in each city (residential, commercial, and public land), digested with USEPA Method 3051a, and analyzed with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Arsenic concentrations varied greatly in Gainesville, ranging from 0.21 to approximately 660 mg kg(-1) with a geometric mean (GM) of 0.40 mg kg(-1) (after discarding outliers), which was significantly lower than the GM of 2.81 mg kg(-1) in Miami, although Miami samples ranged only from 0.32 to approximately 110 mg kg(-1). Arsenic concentrations in 29 and 4% of the Gainesville soil samples and 95 and 33% of the Miami samples exceeded the Florida residential and commercial SCTL, respectively. This study is the first to provide information on arsenic distribution in urban soils of Florida, and the data are useful for assessing arsenic contamination and determining the need for remediation.     

重庆市旅游资源开发与旅游产业发展对策

本文在列举了重庆旅游资源的优势和特点的基础上,阐述了旅游业对发展重庆经济的功能;并就重庆市旅游规划的格局,以及如何保持该市旅游业持续、健康地发展提出了相应的对策。     

长江中下游地区旱涝气候年景和评定方法的研究

采用经过修改的Z值指标,利用1961～1995年5～9月的总降水量,建立了长江中下游地区7省市逐年的旱涝等级序列;同时通过计算干旱指数、洪涝指数和旱涝综合指数,对长江中下游地区的旱涝和旱涝气候年景进行了评定,初步实现了气候年景评定从定性向定量的转变,并得到一致的可比的历史序列。     

防灾减灾系统工程的国际对比分析及建议

针对我国现存的灾害状况,本文通过国际对比的方法,对其他国家已有的减灾系统工程作了简单介绍,并结合我国实际,对未来建立减灾系统工程中应着重加强的薄弱环节作了分析,提出了加强立法工作,增加减灾投入,建立全国统一的减灾通讯系统的建议。     

Estimation of Emissions of γ-Hexachlorcyclohexane from the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Ecosystem Using a Coupled Efficient Kalman Filter–Atmospheric Transport–Soil Model

An efficient linear Kalman filter has been combined with a coupled atmospheric transport and soil–air exchange model to determine organochlorine pesticides emissions on the regional scale. In this study, results of -HCH emissions from the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence ecosystem, estimated from the coupled model, are presented and discussed. A source receptor technique is used to identify a priori the locations of emission sources of -HCH, the emissions are then updated through a Kalman filtering procedure which minimizes the weighted difference between the predicted mixing ratios from the coupled model and the measured concentrations over the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence river region. Two experiments using the inverse algorithm are carried out. In the first experiment, the coupled atmospheric transport and soil–air exchange model is implemented to predict -HCH air and soil concentrations. Emissions are then updated every 12 days using the updated soil concentrations and emission factors. However, the updated emissions are not input into the coupled atmospheric transport and soil–air exchange model. On the other hand, in the second experiment the updated emissions are fed back to the coupled model, so that the model is reinitialized in each 12 days. The results from the inverse technique for the year 1995 have been compared with grided -HCH emission inventory in Canada, generated by emission factors. It is shown that the estimated emissions of -HCH are consistent with the measured emissions. It is found that the St. Lawrence valley has larger emissions of -HCH than the Great Lakes region, indicating an opposite distribution to the emission usage inventory, but in agreement with the measured -HCH concentration.     

Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening contamination by chlorophenols in environmental waters

The development of an immunoassay for screening contamination by chlorophenols is presented. Two haptens were synthesized and conjugated to immunizing proteins to raise rabbit polyclonal antibodies. The antibody-coated format (direct) gave better sensitivity than the conjugate-coated format (indirect) if 2,4,6-trichlorophenol is used as target analyte. The measurement range was 86.4 microg l(-1) to 0.7 microg l(-1), with an average I50 of 7.8 microg l(-1) and a detection limit of 0.2 microg l(-1). The assay detects the presence of trichloropyridinol and other chlorophenols such as di-, tetra- and pentachlorophenols constituting thus a suitable tool for the early warning of the presence of such family contaminants. The optimized method permits the detection of the most important chlorophenols in a fast and reproducible way using no more than one antibody and a single assay. The results achieved with water samples spiked with different chlorophenols fit with a multiple linear regression model when expressing the total concentration of chlorophenols as equivalent of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (P < 0.01), demonstrating the usefulness of the assay as a screening tool to detect contamination by chlorophenols.     

原生动物与BOD_5相关性的研究

本文着重研究了原生动物平衡期及密度与ＢＯＤ５浓度的相关性。研究结果表明，原生动物平衡期与ＢＯＤ５的浓度有着ｙ＝１５６２７·ｅ０２４０·ｘ的指数关系，相关性为显著相关；原生动物密度与ＢＯＤ５浓度有着ｙ＝１１３４＋００３６·ｘ的线性关系，相关性为高度相关