支持向量机在城市震后火灾损失预测中的应用

针对地震火灾的复杂性和多变性的特点,在综合分析了各种震后火灾损失预测方法的基础上,提出了基于支持向量机的城市震后火灾损失预测模型。以地震火灾的历史资料为依据,建立学习样本和测试样本,并与BP神经网络预测方法相比较,验证了其可行性,也为其它自然灾害的损失预测提供了简单、有效的方法。     

电厂脱硫灰烧成硫铝酸盐水泥的试验研究

电厂脱硫灰由于成分复杂和高硫高钙的特点,为其综合利用造成了很多困难.试验证明,只需添加部分CaO或CaCO2,用脱硫灰作生料即可在1 300℃左右烧成硫铝酸盐水泥.这种方式可以完全利用脱硫灰中的游离CaO,CaCO3,Ca(OH)2和含硫矿物CaSO3与CaSO4,使其转化为水泥熟料矿物,如硫铝酸钙(Ca4Al6O12SO4)、硅酸二钙(Ca2SiO4)等,还能完全利用脱硫灰中的未燃烬碳,因而能达到物尽其用,是一种全新高效的利用方式,具有广阔的应用前景.     

高校文书档案立卷改革的探索与应用

传统的立卷程序繁琐复杂,既浪费了人力、物力和财力,利用效果也不理想。随着社会的发展,传统的文书立卷方法已不适应档案管理现代化的需要,必须转变观念,把工作重点由“重藏轻用”转移到“简化管理、强化检索、重在利用”的新思路上来。新的规则取消了案卷,以件为单位进行整理归档,简单、易学、实用,有利于档案的保护、查找和利用。在新规则的实践过程中,档案工作者也需灵活掌握,改进工作方法。     

Photocatalytic degradation of lignin using Pt/TiO2 as the catalyst

Photocatalytic degradation of lignin was studied with the use of catalysts TiO(2) and Pt/TiO(2). The influence of several experimental parameters, i.e. pH, catalyst dosage and illumination on lignin degradation was investigated. The results showed that application of UV irradiation alone has almost no effect on the reduction of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and American Dye Manufacture Institute value (ADMI). However, the addition of TiO(2) and Pt/TiO(2) reduced the original DOC (251 mg l(-1)) by more than 40% within 30 min of treatment and the reaction can be simulated with pseudo-first order kinetics. Rapid degradation of lignin was observed in acidic solution using either TiO(2) or Pt/TiO(2) as the catalyst compared to high pH cases. The content of Pt in the Pt/TiO(2) catalyst is 1%. In addition, too much catalyst addition has not increased the DOC and ADMI reduction proportionally. The investigation also indicated that the photocatalytic degradation rates could be enhanced 1-6 times faster after doping TiO(2) with Pt in different pH cases. A modified Nernst type model was adopted to simulate the decoloring process using TiO(2) and Pt/TiO(2) based on the profiles of oxidation reduction potential during the photocatalytic reaction. The developed equation can be used to predict the color removal efficiency of lignin wastewater by the photocatalytic process.     

Kinetic degradation processes of butyl- and phenyltins in soils

The degradation of organotin compounds (OTC) in agricultural and forest soils is studied in sandy soil samples. Individual experiments involving the three butyl- and the three phenyltins were carried out during 90 d in controlled conditions (darkness, 28 degrees C, aerobic conditions, 13% moisture) and with spiking concentration representative of environmental levels (20-50 micrg(Sn) kg(-1)). After the validation of first-order degradation kinetic model, mechanisms involved throughout the study were considered. Degradation pathways are proposed for butyl- and phenyltins and discussed according to literature data. The degradation of mono- (MBT, MPhT), di-organotins (DBT, DPhT) and TBT is clearly identified as a single successive loss of an organic group whereas TPhT is directly degraded to MPhT. The half-life times were dependent on their substitution degree, ranging from 24 (TPhT) to 220 (MBT) d. The less substituted the OTC is, the more persistent it is. In the range 4.3-5.7, pH does not seem to influence OTC degradation under the present operating conditions. Finally this study shows the significant persistence in soil samples in our experimental conditions for most of studied organotins and highlights the potential impact on soil quality.     

催化臭氧化降解技术中的两个问题

探讨了有机物特性及中间产物H₂O₂在催化臭氧化中的作用。结果表明,有机物在自由基链反应过程中的特性直接影响催化臭氧化的降解效率。当目标有机物是对链反应具有促进作用的甲酸时,自由基引发反应可以明显提高甲酸的臭氧化效率。当目标有机物是对自由基链反应具有抑制剂作用的乙酸时,O₃和Fe²⁺/O₃对乙酸有着相似的降解效率。以上结果表明,自由基引发反应并不是臭氧化降解效率提高的充分条件。另外,当臭氧化过程有H₂O₂产生时,必须考虑类Fenton反应对臭氧化效率的影响。     

几种阴阳离子对磷钨酸光催化降解甲基橙的影响

以磷钨酸为光催化剂,在紫外灯照射下,对甲基橙溶液进行光催化降解,考察了几种阴阳离子对磷钨酸光催化降解甲基橙溶液的影响。结果表明：Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、NO^-₃、SO^2-₄和CO^2-₃均对催化活性有促进作用,其中Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺仅有微弱的促进作用;NO^-₃和SO^2-₄随着浓度的增加促进作用也有所增加;CO^2-₃则随着浓度的增加促进作用呈下降趋势;Mn²⁺、Al³⁺和Cl^-对光解反应存在较强的抑制作用,且Al³⁺和Cl^-随着其浓度的增加,抑制作用增强。     

废橡胶粉对混合砂浆性能影响的研究

系统测试和分析了新拌混合砂浆和易性和硬化砂浆轴心抗压强度、静力受压弹性模量、泊松比、干表观密度、导热系数、干燥收缩率随三元乙丙(EPDM)橡胶粉代砂体积分数增加的变化程度和规律.橡胶粉可以改善新拌混合砂浆的和易性,降低硬化混合砂浆强度、弹性模量、表观密度和导热系数,提高其泊松比和干燥收缩率.低弹性模量、高泊松比、高干缩值橡胶粉混合砂浆将使其更能适应新型墙体材料性能的要求,有利于减小墙体裂缝的产生;低表观密度、低导热系数橡胶粉混合砂浆将有利于提高墙体的隔热保温性能.     

基于专利的企业环境技术创新水平研究

以专利为衡量技术创新水平指标,对国内外企业环境技术创新水平的差异进行了分析.研究结果表明,1986～2005年期间,国内外企业环境技术创新水平逐年增强,不过我国企业的环境技术创新主体地位仍未建立;同国外企业相比,我国企业的原始技术创新能力不强.由于国内企业技术创新受到经济因素的影响,节约资源和清洁能源类环境技术比污染控制技术较多一些.在环境技术创新领域,无论国内还是国外,规模大、国际知名度高的企业占据了重要地位.基于我国企业仍未具备很强的环境技术创新能力,建议国家在构建环境技术创新体系时,应增加企业环境技术创新的经济、人力投入,尤其需要加强对大型企业环境技术创新的支持力度,发挥其规模效应.