Estimation and characterization of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutant emission from converter steelmaking processes

Unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (UP-POPs) including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were characterized and quantified in stack gas and fly ash from the second ventilation systems in five typical converters in five different steelmaking plants. The 2378-substituted PCDD/Fs (2378-PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like PCB (dl-PCBs) toxic equivalents (TEQs) were 1.84–10.3 pg WHO-TEQ Nm^?3 in the stack gas and 5.59–87.6 pg WHO-TEQ g^?1 in the fly ash, and the PCN TEQs were 0.06–0.56 pg TEQ Nm^?3 in the stack gas and 0.03–0.08 pg TEQ g^?1 in the fly ash. The concentrations of UP-POPs in the present study were generally lower than those in other metallurgical processes, such as electric arc furnaces, iron ore sintering, and secondary metallurgical processes. Adding scrap metal might increase UP-POP emissions, indicating that raw material composition was a key influence on emissions. HxCDF, HpCDF, OCDF, HpCDD, and OCDD were the dominant PCDD/Fs in the stack gas and fly ash. TeCB and PeCB were dominant in the stack gas, but HxCB provided more to the total PCB concentrations in the fly ash. The lower chlorinated PCNs were dominant in all of the samples. The 2378-PCDD/F, dl-PCB, and PCN emission factors in stack gases from the steelmaking converter processes (per ton of steel produced) were 1.88–2.89, 0.14–0.76_, and 229–759 μg t^?1, respectively.     

Role of cosubstrate and bioaccessibility played in the enhanced anaerobic biodegradation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in a paddy soil by nitrate and methyl-β-cyclodextrin amendments

The present study was conducted to investigate the anaerobic biodegradation potential of biostimulation by nitrate (KNO₃) and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD) addition on an aged organochlorine pesticide (OCP)-contaminated paddy soil. After 180 days of incubation, total OCP biodegradation was highest in soil receiving the addition of nitrate and MCD simultaneously and then followed by nitrate addition, MCD addition, and control. The highest biodegradation of chlordanes, hexachlorocyclohexanes, endosulfans, and total OCPs was 74.3, 63.5, 51.2, and 65.1 %, respectively. Meanwhile, MCD addition significantly increased OCP bioaccessibility (p?<?0.05) evaluated by Tenax TA extraction and a three-compartment model method. Moreover, the addition of nitrate and MCD also obtained the highest values of soil microbial activities, including soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, ATP production, denitrifying bacteria count, and nitrate reductase activity. Such similar trend between OCP biodegradation and soil-denitrifying activities suggests a close relationship between OCP biodegradation and N cycling and the indirect/direct involvement of soil microorganisms, especially denitrifying microorganisms in the anaerobic biodegradation of OCPs.     

Levels,distribution profile,and risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water and sediment from two tributaries of the River Chenab,Pakistan

The first study aimed to investigate the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentration level, spatial distribution pattern, and ecological risk assessment of water and sediment samples from two tributaries (Nullah Aik and Palkhu) of the River Chenab, Punjab Province, Pakistan. A total of 32 PCB congeners were analyzed, and PCB concentration in sediment and water samples ranged between 0.80 and 60 ng/g and 0.20 and 28 ng/L, respectively, where tetra-CBs and tri-CBs dominated over other studied PCB homologs. Dioxin toxicity equivalency (TEQ) was calculated and PCB-126 and PCB-169 showed the higher TEQ values compared with the WHO guidelines, and sediment samples were more toxic than the water samples. The results of the present study should be considered seriously by government authorities to take a proper action against unchecked discharge of contaminants in ecological integrities; otherwise, there may be drastic results in the near future.     

应用自动识别和定量系统评价两种污水再生工艺对微量有机污染物的去除效果

采用气质联用分析,并结合自动识别与定量系统(AIQS-DB)考察2种再生水厂采用的深度处理工艺对微量有机污染物的去除效果。结果表明,以污水为原水的膜生物反应器(MBR)+臭氧氧化+生物活性炭滤池(BAC)工艺用于再生水生产,MBR工艺对有机污染物的去除起主要作用;城市污水厂二级出水为原水的混凝沉降+浸没式超滤(SMF)/连续微滤(CMF)+部分反渗透(RO)+臭氧氧化工艺用于再生水生产,其SMF和CMF工艺段的膜截留作用均可有效消减有机污染物含量,SMF的效果优于CMF;2种工艺中采用的臭氧技术都能进一步加强部分物质的去除效果。气质联用结合AIQS-DB可用于再生水中污染物的筛查和不同污水再生工艺对微污染物消减效果的评价。     

UV/Fenton技术处理某工厂高浓度乳化油废水

研究了UV/Fenton技术对高浓度金属清洗乳化油废水的处理效果,考察了亚铁与双氧水浓度、pH、反应时间和搅拌对COD去除效果的影响。实验结果表明,UV/Fenton技术对高浓度乳化油废水(COD平均浓度为35 000 mg/L)具有较高的去除效果,最佳工艺条件为:亚铁与双氧水浓度分别为2 400 mg/L和6 000 mg/L,pH为3,经过2 h反应,COD可降低至1 050 mg/L,去除率为97%。搅拌会降低COD的去除率。研究表明,UV/Fenton技术对高浓度乳化油废水具有很好的降解效果,且药品消耗较低,为目前此类高浓度有机废水的处理提供了技术参考。     

不同酶强化污泥为燃料微生物燃料电池特性对比分析

采用单室无膜悬浮阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC),对比分析了蛋白酶和淀粉酶强化剩余污泥为燃料的MFC(ESMFC)产电特性、酶特性和污泥减量化效果。研究表明,投加蛋白酶的ESMFC最大功率密度比对照组增加106.2%,投加淀粉酶时ESMFC最大功率密度比对照组增加48%。蛋白酶作用主要体现在投加后的前12小时,而淀粉酶作用时间则较长,为投加后的前144小时,但在运行前期,由于高温作用,导致系统内的酶活性较强,投加的淀粉酶作用则不明显。投加蛋白酶的系统内TCOD、TSS和VSS去除率分别为82%、65%和85%,而投加淀粉酶的系统内TCOD、TSS和VSS去除率分别达到86%、67%和88%。此研究对于ESMFC中外加酶的选择具有一定意义。     

应用加载磁混凝处理微污染河水

实验对比考察了常规混凝和加载磁混凝工艺对微污染河水中COD、浊度和TP等污染物的去除效果,系统研究了混凝剂用量、磁种加载量、搅拌条件和药剂投加顺序等因素对加载磁混凝效果的影响。实验结果表明,加载磁种后沉淀颗粒的体积平均粒径为从常规混凝工艺的50.1 μm显著增加到68.6 μm;污染物去除效果明显优于常规混凝工艺,尤其对浊度和总磷的去除效果得到了显著的提升;在实验最优条件下COD、浊度和TP的去除率分别达到54.17%、99.28%和75.82%;并且加载磁种后可减少50%以上的混凝剂投加量,同时大大缩短沉淀时间。     

负载纳米TiO_2凹凸棒黏土的制备表征及对Mn~(2+)的吸附性能

以溶胶-凝胶法制备了负载纳米TiO2凹凸棒黏土吸附剂,采用SEM、XRD等分析方法对负载纳米TiO2凹凸棒黏土前后的结构进行了表征,并对Mn2+进行了吸附性能的研究。结果表明:经过高温焙烧后的负载纳米TiO2凹凸棒黏土吸附剂较负载前的凹凸棒黏土,因其结构中的结晶水和沸石水脱失,内部孔道面积和表面积增加,活性吸附位点的数量增大,吸附能力有了明显提高。在室温条件下(20~25℃),pH为5~6,吸附平衡时间为120 min时,负载纳米TiO2凹凸棒黏土吸附剂对Mn2+有较好的吸附效果。     

不同运行模式对同步脱氮除磷CAST工艺快速启动及其稳定维持的影响

以实际生活污水为处理对象,考察了传统进水/曝气和改良型分段进水的交替缺氧-好氧(A/O)2种运行模式对CAST工艺的快速启动及脱氮除磷性能稳定维持的影响。结果表明,传统进水/曝气运行模式下,系统达到最佳营养物去除性能所需启动时间30 d,稳定运行阶段TN平均去除80.66%,磷的去除率维持在66.30%左右;采用改良型交替运行模式,反应器达到稳定运行状态仅需18 d,系统稳定运行时TN平均去除81.36%,磷去除率稳定维持在90%以上,出水磷浓度在0.3 mg/L以下,出水水质达到国家污水综合排放标准一级A(GB8978-2002)。研究还发现,传统运行模式下,由低温引起的污泥沉降性能变差导致系统污泥严重流失,反应器几乎丧失污染物去除性能;而低温对交替运行模式下的反应器除磷性能几乎没有影响,总氮去除则因氨氮不完全硝化而大大降低。     

质子化改性交联壳聚糖的制备及其吸附硫酸根离子的性能

以壳聚糖为原料,甲醛为氨基保护剂,戊二醛为交联剂,采用反相悬浮交联法制备交联壳聚糖,再对其进行质子化改性得到质子化改性交联壳聚糖吸附剂。通过正交实验对该吸附剂的制备条件进行优化,并对其吸附水中硫酸根（SO₄^2-）的吸附等温特性和动力学进行研究,最后对制备和吸附过程进行能谱分析（EDS）并对吸附剂进行了再生实验。实验结果表明,交联反应的优化条件为：反应温度50℃、反应时间6 h、甲醛：戊二醛：壳聚糖为4.5：0.5：3（质量比）;该吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温模型,在25℃（298 K）下,吸附容量最大可达133.87 mg/g;吸附过程较好地符合拟二级动力学模型;EDS分析表明了交联反应、质子化改性和吸附反应均已发生;该吸附剂的再生性能良好,可以重复使用。