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31.
ABSTRACTIn 1985, San Francisco adopted a wind comfort standard in its Downtown Area Plan in response to increasing concerns about the city’s downtown public open spaces becoming excessively windy. After 30 years of implementation, this study revisits the standard and examines its effectiveness in promoting pedestrian comfort. Seven hundred one valid samples were collected from 6 months of field study, which combined surveying pedestrians and on-site collection of microclimate data. Statistical analysis and an assessment using the physiological equivalent temperature show that 11 mph (4.92 m/s), the comfort criterion in places for walking, performs as an effective determinant of outdoor comfort in San Francisco. This study sheds light on climate-resilience of cities, as they have become key urban challenges today. 相似文献
32.
John E. Fa Jesus Olivero Miguel Á. Farfán Ana L. Márquez Jesús Duarte Janet Nackoney Amy Hall Jef Dupain Sarah Seymour Paul J. Johnson David W. Macdonald Raimundo Real Juan M. Vargas 《Conservation biology》2015,29(3):805-815
We used data on number of carcasses of wildlife species sold in 79 bushmeat markets in a region of Nigeria and Cameroon to assess whether species composition of a market could be explained by anthropogenic pressures and environmental variables around each market. More than 45 mammal species from 9 orders were traded across all markets; mostly ungulates and rodents. For each market, we determined median body mass, species diversity (game diversity), and taxa that were principal contributors to the total number of carcasses for sale (game dominance). Human population density in surrounding areas was significantly and negatively related to the percentage ungulates and primates sold in markets and significantly and positively related to the proportion of rodents. The proportion of carnivores sold was higher in markets with high human population densities. Proportion of small‐bodied mammals (<1 kg) sold in markets increased as human population density increased, but proportion of large‐bodied mammals (>10 kg) decreased as human population density increased. We calculated an index of game depletion (GDI) for each market from the sum of the total number of carcasses traded per annum and species, weighted by the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rmax) of each species, divided by individuals traded in a market. The GDI of a market increased as the proportion of fast‐reproducing species (highest rmax) increased and as the representation of species with lowest rmax (slow‐reproducing) decreased. The best explanatory factor for a market's GDI was anthropogenic pressure—road density, human settlements with >3000 inhabitants, and nonforest vegetation. High and low GDI were significantly differentiated by human density and human settlements with >3000 inhabitants. Our results provided empirical evidence that human activity is correlated with more depleted bushmeat faunas and can be used as a proxy to determine areas in need of conservation action. 相似文献
33.
A deep-sea benthic trap is described with which amphipods (Tmetonyx cicada) were both collected and observed at their ambient pressure of 134 atm. T. cicada collected with decompression from the same depth and locality were more sensitive to subsequent recompression than those amphipods brought to the surface at their ambient pressure. T. cicada from 2700 m experience irreversible injury during decompression to atmospheric pressure. The pressure tolerance of the deep-sea mysid Gnathophausia zoea was measured and compared with the tolerance of mid-water decapods and the shallow-water Crangon crangon. G. zoea became more sensitive to high pressure with prolonged exposure to atmospheric pressure. Deep sea animals exhibit a tolerance to high pressure related to their normal ambient pressure; sensitivity to decompression is also related to normal ambient pressure. 相似文献
34.
The spatial organisation of male and female wood mice,Apodemus sylvaticus, was investigated in a large-scale radio-tracking study on arable farmland near Oxford, United Kingdom, during the breeding season. Both sexes had significantly larger home ranges in the breeding season than at other times, and the breeding season home ranges of male (X = 1.44 ha) were significantly larger than those of females (X = 0.49 ha). Home range overlap was significantly greater between males, and between males and females, than it was between females. Overlap between males tended to be greatest in heavily utilised areas. Except during sexual consortship, there was minimal evidence of dynamic interaction among individuals. Home range sizes of breeding males varied widely, as did their body weights. There was no relationship between male body weight and home range size or any other movement parameter. However, males with the largest home ranges had the highest scores on all other movement parameters, indicating that they expended more energy in movement. These more vigorous males had access to the home ranges of more females than did males with small home ranges. 相似文献
35.
Balls PW Macdonald A Pugh K Edwards AC 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1995,90(3):311-321
A comprehensive review is given of past and current annually averaged nutrient concentrations (total oxidised nitrogen [TON], phosphate and silicate) in the River Ythan and its estuary. TON concentrations in the River Ythan have increased from ca 100-150 microm in the late 1960s to ca 500-550 microm in the early 1990s, changes which are also shown in the estuary. The interpretation of the phosphate data is more complex but concentrations in the estuary also appear to have increased. Silicate concentrations have remained constant with time. The results of 11 surveys of the estuary completed during 1993 are given. TON and silicate behave conservatively in the estuary, with concentrations determined by those of the fresh water end-member and hence by processes within the catchment. Phosphate and ammonia concentrations at low salinity are affected by the discharge from the Ellon sewage treatment facility at the head of the estuary. Throughout the estuary there is evidence of an input of ammonia to the water column from the sediments, but it represents only ca 0.2-2% of the nitrogen entering from the River Ythan. Despite the increased nutrient loading to the estuary there is no evidence that this has resulted in higher chlorophyll concentrations in the water column, this observation is attributed to the relatively short flushing period of the estuary. 相似文献
36.
An expert system, PASSSFA, has been developed to help select the most appropriate variables for monitoring the effects of extensive land use activities, particularly forestry, on streams. PASSSFA was initially developed for headwater streams in the northwestern U.S. and Alaska, but the consistency of the underlying principles make it much more broadly applicable. The selection process is based on the designated beneficial uses of concern, the type of management activity, accessibility during high flows, frequency of sampling, and the costs for equipment, data collection, and sample analysis. A total of thirty potential monitoring variables are considered, and these were selected because of their sensitivity to land management activities and their effects on key designated uses. Problems in developing PASSSFA and the use of expert systems are discussed. 相似文献
37.
Emma L. Plant Ronald J. Smernik John van Leeuwen Paul Greenwood Lynne M. Macdonald 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(6):4265-4275
The paper-making process can produce large amounts of wastewater (WW) with high particulate and dissolved organic loads. Generally, in developed countries, stringent international regulations for environmental protection require pulp and paper mill WW to be treated to reduce the organic load prior to discharge into the receiving environment. This can be achieved by primary and secondary treatments involving both chemical and biological processes. These processes result in complex changes in the nature of the organic material, as some components are mineralised and others are transformed. In this study, changes in the nature of organics through different stages of secondary treatment of pulp and paper mill WW were followed using three advanced characterisation techniques: solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, pyrolysis-gas chromatography mass spectrometry (py-GCMS) and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). Each technique provided a different perspective on the changes that occurred. To compare the different chemical perspectives in terms of the degree of similarity/difference between samples, we employed non-metric multidimensional scaling. Results indicate that NMR and HPSEC provided strongly correlated perspectives, with 86 % of the discrimination between the organic samples common to both techniques. Conversely, py-GCMS was found to provide a unique, and thus complementary, perspective. 相似文献
38.
Laura R. Perry Tom P. Moorhouse Andrew J. Loveridge David W. Macdonald 《Conservation biology》2020,34(4):879-890
Conflict between people and carnivores can lead to the widespread killing of predators in retaliation for livestock loss and is a major threat to predator populations. In Kenya, a large, rural, pastoralist population comes into regular conflict with predators, which persist across southern Kenya. We explored the social and psychological backdrop to livestock management practices in this area in a process designed to be easy to use and suitable for use across large areas for the study of conflict and transboundary implementation of wildlife conflict reduction measures, focusing on community involvement and needs. We carried out fully structured interviews of livestock managers with a survey tool that examined how social and psychological factors may influence livestock management behavior. We compared survey responses on 3 sites across the study area, resulting in 723 usable responses. Efficacy of individuals’ livestock management varied between and within communities. This variation was partially explained by normative and control beliefs regarding livestock management. Individual livestock managers’ self-reported management issues were often an accurate reflection of their practical management difficulties. Psychological norms, control beliefs, and attitudes differed among sites, and these differences partially explained patterns associated with conflict (i.e., variation in livestock management behavior). Thus, we conclude that a one-size-fits-all approach to improving livestock management and reducing human–predator conflict is not suitable. 相似文献
39.
Mohammad S. Farhadinia Paul J. Johnson Alexandra Zimmermann Philip J.K. McGowan Erik Meijaard Mark Stanley-Price David W. Macdonald 《Conservation biology》2020,34(4):988-996
The persistence of endangered species may depend on the fate of a very small number of individual animals. In situ conservation alone may sometimes be insufficient. In these instances, the International Union for Conservation of Nature provides guidelines for ex situ conservation and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) indicates how ex situ management can support the CBD's objectives by providing insurance policies for species. The circumstances that justify its use are uncertain. To evaluate the current in situ extinction risk and ex situ management of 43 critically endangered species of mammalian megafauna, we used nonmetric multidimensional scaling and geopolitical variables related to governance, economics, and national policy within their extant ranges. We then fitted generalized additive models to assess the contribution of each variable to the ordination. Fifteen (almost one-third) of the world's terrestrial mammalian megafauna are not the subject of any ex situ management. Seventy-three percent of these taxa occur in areas characterized by political uncertainty, such as border zones or areas affected by armed conflicts, mainly in Africa and the Middle East. A further 23% of taxa in ex situ programs do not meet sustainability criteria for inbreeding avoidance. Strategic conservation planning, such as the One Plan approach, may improve ex situ management for these taxa. Given the escalating trend in threats afflicting megafauna, ex situ management should be considered more rigorously, particularly in politically unstable regions, to achieve CBD Target 12 (prevent extinction of threatened species). 相似文献
40.
Mafiana Macdonald Ogorm Bashiru Mustapha Dimah Erhunmwunsee Famous Dirisu Chimezie Gabriel Li Shi-Weng 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(4):4073-4094
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Land oil spills in Nigeria have a long history of contaminating the soil, groundwater, vegetation, and streams with spill extension being the primary... 相似文献