天津市环境空气SO2污染现状及分析

天津环境空气SO2的年均浓度始终超过国家二级标准。年均浓度超标主要因为采暖期SO2浓度过高所至，采暖期SO2平均浓度是非采暖期浓度的3倍左右；在2002--2005年的三个采暖期里，SO2污染逐年加重，导致了年均SO2浓度的逐年升高。天津SO2污染与采暖期增多的低烟囱排放、不利的气象条件有关，也与流动源的隐性排放、能源利用效率低下有关。结合天津经济发展速度、每年煤耗增量、现有环境治理手段来做预测，空气SO2浓度要在未来几年内达到国家二级标准仍是不可能的。     

螳螂川水质评价及污染防治对策

通过对螳螂川水质状况的分析，总结了水污染特征及主要污染原因，提出了污染治理对策。     

The monitoring of cadmium,zinc and copper in the kidneys and liver of humans deceased in the region of Cracow (Poland)

Cadmium, zinc and copper levels were determined in the renal cortex and liver of 60 inhabitants of Cracow, Poland. Cadmium levels in the renal cortex were contained in broad limits of 5–176 g/g, mean 50.6 g/g (wet weight). Maximum levels were found in the age group of about 50–60 years. The levels were slightly higher in men (53 g/g) than in women (45 g/g), with no effect of location within the region. The levels in smokers (62 g/g) were much higher than in non-smokers (32 g/g). The above relations were less pronounced for cadmium levels in the liver. Whole body retention of cadmium followed the pattern of cadmium in renal cortex. The level of zinc in renal cortex reflected those of cadmium. A significant proportion of the population (54% in smokers, 9% in non-smokers) showed cadmium levels in renal cortex exceeding the reference level of 50 g/g recently accepted for general population. In the view of the authors the exposure to cadmium of the population of Cracow is excessive and calls for attention.The study was performed under a KBN grant No 40106 91 01.     

Effect of Cross-Linking Waste Protein with Diepoxides on its Biodegradation under Anaerobic Conditions

Biodegradability testing was performed in an aqueous environment under anaerobic conditions after inoculation with digested sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plant. In cross-linking with 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane in limits 0.8–9.1% weight, biodegradability degree decreased from 76.8 to 62.2%; when 1,2:7,8 diepoxyoctane in quantities 1.1–13.2% weight was used, biodegradability degree dropped more prominently – from 72.3 to 22.8%. There is obviously a direct connection between growing cross-link degree (assessed by so-called fixation index) and decreasing readiness to biodegradation, apparently owing to build-up of a network forming an obstacle to access of micro-organisms and enzymes.     

Study of Pollution of the Plitvice Lakes by Water and Sediment Analyses

The process of eutrophication in form of intense plant growth has been observed in some lakes and water streams at the Plitvice Lakes National Park in central Croatia. Here we investigate whether this phenomenon is a consequence of anthropogenic pollution or due to naturally produced organic matter in the lakes. We applied chemical analysis of water at two springs and four lakes (nutrients, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), trace elements) and measurements of surface lake sediments (mineral and organic fraction analyses, trace elements) in four different lakes/five sites. The chemical composition of water does not indicate recent anthropogenic pollution of water because the concentrations of most trace elements are below detection limits. The concentrations of DOC and nutrients are slightly higher in the area of increased eutrophication-plant growth. Also the content of organic matter in the sediment is at the highest level in areas with highest C/N ratio indicating that the organic fraction of this sediment is mainly of terrestrial origin. There is no significant difference among the trace element concentration in the upper segment of all cores, deposited approximately during last 50 years when higher anthropogenic influence is expected due to development and touristic activity, and the lower part of the cores, corresponding to the period approximately 100–200 years before present. The content of trace elements and organic matter in sediments decreases from the uppermost lake downstream. According to our results there is no indication of recent anthropogenic pollution in water and sediment. Higher concentrations of DOC in water as well as phosphorus and some other elements in the lake sediment can be a consequence of input of natural organic matter to the lake water.     

Deposition and Fate of Lead in a Forested Catchment, Lesni Potok, Central Czech Republic

The deposition of trace elements and their fate in a forest ecosystemhas been monitored at the experimental site, Lesni Potok catchment (LP), with granite bedrock. The catchment is located 30 km ESE from Prague. Annual bulk Pb-deposition flux F_Pb was 3.41 kg km^-2 a^-1 in 1994 and gradually decreased to 0.49 kg km^-2 a^-1 in 2001. The decrease is comparable with those observed in Germany and in the U.S.A. in the 1970s and 1980s. The total sales ban of leaded gasoline in the Czech Republic since January 2001 was accompanied by a pronounced decrease of F_Pb in a single year. The residual Pb-deposition flux is assigned to both the long-range transport of fine-grained vehicular lead aerosol (with a long residence time in the atmosphere) and to theemissions from power plant boilers burning lignite mined in the Czech northwest coal basin. The F_Pb of lead correlates stronglywith those of As, Cd, Cu, Zn and Be, the typical metals in coal fly ash, at two monitored sites. Topsoil horizons contain elevated concentrations of Pb (53–67 mg kg^-1), which are of anthropogenicorigin. Soils in the riparian areas contain increased concentrations of Pb when compared to soils on the hillslope areas. Significant amounts of Pb were found on a stream substrate and Fe-precipitate sampled from the stream. Low concentrations of Pb in bark and bole wood suggest that the uptake of Pb by vegetation is negligible. The very small surface water outputs (average of 0.002 kg km^-2 a^-1) compared to inputs (average of 1.890 kg km^-2 a^-1) from the LP catchment indicate an ongoing accumulation of Pb in a forested landscape.     

Environmental assessment of supercritical water oxidation of sewage sludge

Environmental aspects of using supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) to treat sewage sludge were studied using a life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The system studied is the first commercial scale SCWO plant for sewage sludge in the world, treating sludge from the municipal wastewater treatment facility in Harlingen, TX, USA. The environmental impacts were evaluated using three specific environmental attributes: global warming potential (GWP), photo-oxidant creation potential (POCP) and resource depletion; as well as two single point indicators: EPS2000 and EcoIndicator99. The LCA results show that for the described process, gas-fired preheating of the sludge is the major contributor to environmental impacts, and emissions from generating electricity for pumping and for oxygen production are also important. Overall, SCWO processing of undigested sewage sludge is an environmentally attractive technology, particularly when heat is recovered from the process. Energy-conserving measures and recovery of excess oxygen from the SCWO process should be considered for improving the sustainability potential.     

基于激光测风雷达的西安重污染天气过程特征指标

选取西安两次重污染天气,结合第十四届全国运动会、第十一届残运会暨第八届特奥会气象保障新建激光测风雷达数据产品研发应用,总结形成对西安重污染天气预警服务有良好参考意义的特征指标。结果表明:重污染天气发生前48 h,500 hPa上新疆至陕西一带盛行一致偏西气流,700 hPa上陕西中南部受槽前西南气流影响,-20℃等温线在40°N以北,850 hPa上-8℃等温线在关中35°N以北,西安站3 km以下存在多层逆温,温度垂直递减率小于3 ℃/km。重污染天气转为优良天气时,500 hPa上贝加尔湖一带低槽东移南压,40°N、110°E附近明显冷平流或温度锋区迅速南移影响河套至陕北,700 hPa上35°~40°N、110°E附近南移锋区经向温度梯度增至10 ℃/500 km,-20℃等温线南压至陕北北部,850 hPa上-8℃等温线移至关中南部,锋区向南移动影响陕西大部,延安、西安一带偏西南风转为偏北风,西安站3 km以下多层逆温减弱、消失,温度递减率增至5 ℃/km以上,低层过程降温超过8℃。研发的激光测风雷达产品提供了时空高分辨的近地层风场监测信息:重污染发生发展时,2 km以下各层风速小于6 m/s、维持弱下沉运动;重污染天气消散、转为优良天气时,2 km以下部分层次风速由8 m/s增至10 m/s以上,上升运动趋势与分钟尺度内波动振荡明显加强。     

基于无线传感物联网技术的泥石流造成道路中断概率评估

为减少泥石流中断道路对人类生命财产的危害,该文提出基于无线传感物联网技术的泥石流中断道路概率评估方法。首先构建包括感知层、传输层、数据层与应用层的物联网技术泥石流中断道路评估系统,然后通过分析泥石流中断道路的影响因素,选取出评估泥石流中断道路概率的指标并创建评估指标体系,对评估指标实行分级,最后以灰色关联度分析法确定指标权重,采用因素叠加法创建评估模型实现评估概率等级划分。实例分析结果表明:此方法可准确、有效评估汶川县的5条道路的泥石流中断道路概率,其中道路a概率较高,道路e的概率较低,其余三条道路的概率中等;且此方法具备数据采集时耗时短、效率高优势;可为及时治理泥石流灾害、规避道路中断风险提供有效依据。     

Identification of magnetic particulates in road dust accumulated on roadside snow using magnetic, geochemical and micro-morphological analyses

The aim of this study is to test the applicability of snow surveying in the collection and detailed characterization of vehicle-derived magnetic particles. Road dust extracted from snow, collected near a busy urban highway and a low traffic road in a rural environment (southern Finland), was studied using magnetic, geochemical and micro-morphological analyses. Significant differences in horizontal distribution of mass specific magnetic susceptibility (χ) were noticed for both roads. Multi-domain (MD) magnetite was identified as the primary magnetic mineral. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses of road dust from both roads revealed: (1) angular-shaped particles (diameter ∼1-300 μm) mostly composed of Fe, Cr and Ni, derived from circulation of motor vehicles and (2) iron-rich spherules (d ∼ 2-70 μm). Tungsten-rich particles (d < 2 μm), derived from tyre stud abrasion were also identified. Additionally, a decreasing trend in χ and selected trace elements was observed with increasing distance from the road edge.