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141.
142.
Green construction is gaining increasing attention in the global context. However, the construction of sustainable green buildings
and environments involves different tools and systems and diverse perspectives. Therefore, the development of environmental
assessment tools is an important task for managing green housing and green building projects. In this paper, we discuss the
benefits, limitations, and future directions of the assessment framework. There are four characteristics of building environmental
assessment, i.e., comprehensiveness, design guideline, signaling, and communication tools, which afford both benefits and
limitations. We illustrate the role of the assessment framework as a hub promoting integration of diverse knowledge, as a
design guideline encouraging better design and action, as signaling environmentally friendly design and action, and as a communication
tool. On the other hand, there are limitations, such as the use of a mixture of quantitative and qualitative measures, ambiguity
of weighing, lack of financial evaluation, and lack of involvement of diverse disciplines and stakeholders. To develop an
effective assessment framework, the following three factors must be considered: knowledge, power, and implementation. We propose
that knowledge innovation, a credible approach for a salient solution, and collective action represent the future challenges
of the assessment framework. 相似文献
143.
Kazuya Yasuhara Hideo Komine Hiromune Yokoki Takeshi Suzuki Nobuo Mimura Makoto Tamura Guangqi Chen 《Sustainability Science》2011,6(2):219-232
Humanity faces an increasing possibility that unusual and extreme natural disasters will increase, compounded with climate
change, including global warming. These compound events are designated as compounded natural hazards in this study. A methodology
must be developed for predicting what events and risks will confront future societies, to propose countermeasures and adaptation
strategies against these events, and to evaluate the influences of compound disasters on infrastructure which is particularly
situated near coasts and rivers. Based on the above-stated background and demands, this study was undertaken with the intention
of upgrading the methodology for estimating effects on infrastructure of compound events such as increased typhoon and rainfall
severity caused by global warming occurring concurrently with a great earthquake in Japan. Such a methodology is expected
to contribute to progress in the fields of natural disaster mitigation and land preservation, particularly benefiting coastal
and river areas in Japan. Additionally in this study, risk and economic loss analyses for the possible occurrence of compound
disasters for coastal infrastructure and foundations are produced for establishing environmental strategies at the governmental
level. The authors further propose adaptation strategies and techniques as countermeasures against these events. 相似文献
144.
Seiichirou Ohura Hiroyuki Harada Biplob Kumar Biswas Mitsunori Kondo Susumu Ishikawa Hidetaka Kawakita Keisuke Ohto Katsutoshi Inoue 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2011,13(4):293-297
Zirconium was loaded onto orange waste, a cheap and available agricultural waste in Japan, to investigate the feasibility
of its utilization for phosphorus recovery from secondary effluent and side-stream liquid, which contain 5.9 and 68.2 mg/dm3 phosphorus, respectively. The phosphorus removal from side-stream liquid by using zirconium-loaded saponified orange waste
(Zr-SOW) gel increased with an increasing solid/liquid ratio, and it was found that Zr-SOW gel showed better performance than
zirconium ferrite. The prepared adsorbent was effective for phosphorus removal and exhibited a reasonably high adsorption
capacity, twice than that of zirconium ferrite. The secondary effluent was treated in a column packed with Zr-SOW gel, and
an dynamic adsorption capacity of 1.3 mol-P/kg was attained. The adsorbed phosphorus from the column was successfully eluted
as a concentrated form by using a small amount of 0.2 M NaOH. Throughout the elution process, zirconium was not leaked from
the adsorption gel. 相似文献
145.
Kai Huang Katsutoshi Inoue Hiroyuki Harada Hidetaka Kawakita Keisuke Ohto 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2011,13(2):118-126
The leaching behavior of heavy metals from municipal waste incineration (MWI) fly ash was investigated in this study. The
leaching process includes two steps, i.e., fly ash was firstly washed with water, and then subjected to citric acid leaching.
The main parameters of the washing process such as liquid/solid ratio, washing time, and number of washing were tested. The
optimum conditions for water washing were found as follows: washing time 5–10 min, liquid/solid ratio 10:1 (ml:g), and number
of washing was twice; under these conditions, 86% Na, 70% K, 12% Ca, 1.2% Al, and 0.5% Pb were removed from the fly ash in
the prewashing. From the results of screening tests of leaching lixiviants, citric acid was found to be the most effective
leaching agent, taking account of its environmentally benign characteristics. Optimum metal extraction can be achieved with
citric acid under the following conditions: pH 3.0, liquid/solid ratio 40 (ml:g), citric acid concentration 0.10 mol/dm3, contact time 20 min at room temperature. 相似文献
146.
The occurrence of free and conjugated estrogens was examined in a survey of eleven sewage treatment plants (STPs) and their discharge water in the United Kingdom using grab sampling. The STPs included trickling filter with and without tertiary treatment, and activated sludge with tertiary treatment. For three activated sludge plants both influent and effluent samples were compared. For a further 8 STPs only the effluent was examined. The estrone-3-sulphate, estradiol-3-sulphate and estriol-3-sulphate concentrations (up to 20 ng L−1) were typically 5-fold that of the respective free estrogen concentration in the effluents. This represents a substantial additional ‘potential’ estrogen load arriving in the receiving waters. Estrone-3-glucuronide was found at 9 ng L−1, estradiol-3-glucuronide at 7 ng L−1, and estriol-3-glucuronide at 32 ng L−1 in sewage influent. Except on one occasion, no glucuronide conjugates could be found in the effluent. The results suggest in most cases glucuronide conjugates will be completely transformed in sewage treatment whilst sulphate conjugates will only be partially removed. 相似文献
147.
Makoto Tamura Motoharu Onuki Makiko Sekiyama Keishiro Hara Michinori Uwasu Nobuyuki Tsuji Gakushi Ishimura Noriyuki Tanaka Akihisa Mori Takashi Mino 《Sustainability Science》2018,13(3):849-860
The challenge for sustainability educational programs lies in how to imbue students with the strong motivation necessary to move the world in a more sustainable direction. Five universities in Japan have mutually collaborated in the design and development of a unique curriculum and education system for sustainability science since 2008. Specifically, they have developed a common and remote lecture system called the “Frontier of sustainability science” (FSS). This paper discusses the concepts and challenges of FSS and how it was organized to teach students to actively learn how to work with people of various disciplines to realize interdisciplinarity. 相似文献
148.
Koichi Haraguchi Akio Koizumi Kayoko Inoue Kouji H. Harada Toshiaki Hitomi Mutsuko Minata Miyako Tanabe Yoshihisa Kato Eri Nishimura Yoshiaki Yamamoto Takao Watanabe Katsunobu Takenaka Shigeki Uehara Hye-Ran Yang Min-Young Kim Chan-Seok Moon Hae-Sook Kim Peiyu Wang Aiping Liu Nguyen Ngoc Hung 《Environment international》2009,35(7):1072-1079
Human breast milk samples collected in 2007–2008 from four countries, Vietnam (Hanoi), China (Beijing), Korea (Seoul) and Japan (Sendai, Kyoto and Takayama), were analyzed for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), chlordane-related compounds (CHLs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Comparing with previous surveys, the present study indicates that the DDTs in breast milk from China and Vietnam had gradually decreased during the last decade, but were still 5–10 times higher than those in other nations. The ratios of p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT and o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT were higher in Beijing than in the other countries, suggesting that there is less fresh intake of commercial DDT products and a possible exposure to dicofol in China. CHL and PCB levels were relatively higher in mothers from Japan, whereas β-HCH and HCB were more common in Chinese women. In Japan, it is suspected that mothers in the urban/coastal area (Sendai) were more continuously exposed to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) than mothers in the rural/inland area (Takayama). In addition, OCP levels in primiparae were significantly higher than those in multiparae from Japan and Korea. These indicate that both parity and regional factors are major determinants of the levels of OCPs and PCBs in human milk. On the other hand, higher concentrations of PBDEs were observed in mothers' milk from Korea. The congener was dominated by BDE-47 (43–54%), followed by BDE-153 (23–33%) in all regions except for Beijing where BDE-28 (23%) was relatively abundant. In Japanese breast milk, regional and parity-dependent distributions were not observed for PBDEs. Among PBDE congeners, age-dependency was observed for BDE-153, which was negatively correlated (p < 0.05) to the age of mothers in Kyoto (17 participants were housewives), while it increased with age in Sendai (10 participants were clerks). No such correlation was seen for BDE-47, indicating that BDE-47 was ingested and assimilated via different kinetics or routes from BDE-153 in Japan. 相似文献
149.
Hikari Shimadera Akira Kondo Akikazu Kaga Kundan Lal Shrestha Yoshio Inoue 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(37):5894-5907
To estimate the contribution of transboundary transported air pollutants from other Asian countries to Japan in ionic concentrations in fog water in March 2005, the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system was utilized with meteorological fields produced by the 5th generation Mesoscale Model (MM5). For meteorological predictions, the model well reproduced the surface meteorological variables, particularly temperature and humidity, and generally captured fog occurrence. For chemical predictions, most of the model-predicted monthly mean concentrations were approximately within a factor of 2 of the observations, indicating that the model well simulated the long-range atmospheric transport from the Asian Continent to Japan. For SO42?, NO3? and NH4+, the contribution rates of the transboundary air pollution in the Kinki Region of Japan ranged from 69 to 82% for aerosols, from 47 to 87% for ionic concentrations in rain, and from 55 to 79% for ionic concentrations in fog. The study found that the transboundary air pollution also affected ionic concentrations in fog as well as aerosol concentrations and ionic concentrations in rain. 相似文献
150.
Restoration of cadmium-contaminated paddy soils by washing with ferric chloride: Cd extraction mechanism and bench-scale verification 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The ability of FeCl3 to extract Cd from three paddy soils was compared with that of various irons, manganese, and zinc salts to elucidate the extraction mechanism. Manganese, zinc and iron salts (including FeCl3) extracted 4-41%, 8-44% and 24-66% of total Cd, respectively. This difference reflected the pH of the extraction solution, indicating that the primary mechanism of Cd extraction by FeCl3 is proton release coupled with hydroxide generation, as iron hydroxides are insoluble. Washing with FeCl3 led to the formation of Cd-chloride complexes, enhancing Cd extraction from the soils. FeCl3 effectively extracted Cd from all of the three soils compared to HCl that is a conventional washing chemical, when the concentrations of the two washing chemicals were between 15 and 60mM(c) (at above extraction pH 2.4), while the corresponding extraction pH of FeCl3 was slightly higher than HCl. As HCl is the strong acid of complete dissociation, if excess amount of HCl was added to soil, it is possible to give the dissolution of clay minerals in soils. In contrast, proton release from FeCl3 is controlled by the chemical equilibrium of hydroxide formation. While soil fertility properties were affected by a bench-scale soil washing with 45mM(c) FeCl3, adverse effects were not crucial and could be corrected. The bench-scale test confirmed the effectiveness of FeCl3 for removal of soil Cd. The washing had no negative effect on rice yield and lowered the Cd concentration of rice grain and rice straw in a pot experiment. 相似文献