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991.
Andrea M. Bassi 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(2):285-295
Observing the many and varied reactions to the Kyoto Protocol, it becomes clear that different governments find themselves
in different contexts that eventually direct them toward taking dissimilar positions on energy issues. This paper, through
five integrated studies, investigates whether contextualizing energy issues is (are) relevant to support energy policy formulation
and evaluation and provides insights into how to operationalize the contextualization. Instead of considering the most widely
accepted tools currently used to assess and evaluate energy policy, this research proposes the utilization of a holistic framework
that incorporates social, economic and environmental factors as well as their relations to the energy sector to better contextualize
global, regional and national energy issues. This framework, which accounts for feedback loops, delays and non-linearity,
is applied to case studies to investigate the longer-term performance of selected energy policies. Results of the study indicate
the likely emergence of various unexpected side effects and elements of policy resistance over the medium and longer term
due to the interrelations existing between energy and society, economy and environment. Furthermore, while side effects and
unintended consequences may arise both within the energy sector and in the other sectors, they simultaneously influence society,
economy and environment. 相似文献
992.
Supply of international environmental public goods must meet certain conditions to be socially efficient, and several reasons
explain why they are currently undersupplied. Diagnosis of the public goods failure associated with particular ecosystem services
is critical to the development of the appropriate international response. There are two categories of international environmental
public goods that are most likely to be undersupplied. One has an additive supply technology and the other has a weakest link
supply technology. The degree to which the collective response should be targeted depends on the importance of supply from
any one country. In principle, the solution for the undersupply lies in payments designed to compensate local providers for
the additional costs they incur in meeting global demand. Targeted support may take the form of direct investment in supply
(the Global Environment Facility model) or of payments for the benefits of supply (the Payments for Ecosystem Services model). 相似文献
993.
This study projected responses of forest net primary productivity (NPP) to three climate change scenarios at a resolution
of 5 km × 5 km across the state of Louisiana, USA. In addition, we assessed uncertainties associated with the NPP projection
at the grid and state levels. Climate data of the scenarios were derived from Community Climate System Model outputs. Changes
in annual NPP between 2000 and 2050 were projected with the forest ecosystem model PnET-II. Results showed that forest productivity
would increase under climate change scenarios A1B and A2, but with scenario B1, it would peak during 2011–2020 and then decline.
The projected average NPP under B1 over the years from 2000 to 2050 was significantly different from those under A1B and A2.
Forest NPP appeared to be primarily a function of temperature, not precipitation. Uncertainties of the NPP projection were
due to large spatial resolution of the climate variables. Overall, this study suggested that in order to project effects of
climate change on forest ecosystem at regional level, modeling uncertainties could be reduced by increasing the spatial resolution
of the climate projections. 相似文献
994.
The aim was to describe spatiotemporal patterns of colonization of spruce branches by algae and lichens and the relationship
with decreasing deposition of N and S. Coverage was estimated annually over 10 years for four Swedish Integrated Monitoring
catchments with varying deposition levels. Initial hypotheses were that algal coverage would be positively correlated with
deposition and that lichen coverage would be negatively correlated with S and positively with N deposition. Data were analyzed
using regression, ANOVA, and partial least square regression. The results showed a temporal decrease in the coverage of algae
but an increase in colonization rates, while lichens showed less uniform patterns. Within catchments, algae and lichen coverages
were positively correlated with mainly S deposition. Across catchments, coverage of algae increased, while the coverage of
lichens decreased with increasing N and S deposition. Colonization rates of both algae and lichens showed weak correlations
with both spatial and temporal trends in N and S deposition. Thus, while N and S deposition had an effect on the colonization
and coverage of algae and lichens, other factors are also important. 相似文献
995.
Land use conflicts are becoming increasingly apparent from local to global scales. Surface gold mining is an extreme source
of such a conflict, but mining impacts on local livelihoods often remain unclear. Our goal here was to assess land cover change
due to gold surface mining in Western Ghana, one of the world’s leading gold mining regions, and to study how these changes
affected land use systems. We used Landsat satellite images from 1986–2002 to map land cover change and field interviews with
farmers to understand the livelihood implications of mining-related land cover change. Our results showed that surface mining
resulted in deforestation (58%), a substantial loss of farmland (45%) within mining concessions, and widespread spill-over
effects as relocated farmers expand farmland into forests. This points to rapidly eroding livelihood foundations, suggesting
that the environmental and social costs of Ghana’s gold boom may be much higher than previously thought. 相似文献
996.
Marc Gracia Nacima Meghelli Lluís Comas Javier Retana 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(2):349-358
The current state of Mediterranean mountain areas has been driven by two main factors: intense traditional human activity
and the dynamics of the ecosystem itself. In this study, we examine land-cover changes in a National Park in the Pyrenees
mountains (NE Iberian Peninsula), which was designated a protected area 55 years ago. First, we have analyzed spatio-temporal
changes in land-cover pattern and forest dynamics from 1957 to 2005. During this period, land-cover dynamics consisted of
two main processes: (i) expansion of the forest area and (ii) increasing cover of forests already present in 1957. To analyze
the role of the conservation level of the park, we have also compared the results obtained within the park with those of unprotected,
peripheral areas. In the two areas with different protection level, dense forests increased throughout the period because
of the reduction in forestry activities. The peripheral area showed a higher rate of forest-cover change from 1957 to 2005
compared to the National Park. This higher increase in forest cover in the peripheral area could be related to a higher proportion
in the National Park of screes and rocky areas and to the decline and transformation of forest activities in these peripheral,
lower elevation areas. 相似文献
997.
Climate change is one of the main factors that will affect biodiversity in the future and may even cause species extinctions. We suggest a methodology to derive a general relationship between biodiversity change and global warming. In conjunction with other pressure relationships, our relationship can help to assess the combined effect of different pressures to overall biodiversity change and indicate areas that are most at risk. We use a combination of an integrated environmental model (IMAGE) and climate envelope models for European plant species for several climate change scenarios to estimate changes in mean stable area of species and species turnover. We show that if global temperature increases, then both species turnover will increase, and mean stable area of species will decrease in all biomes. The most dramatic changes will occur in Northern Europe, where more than 35% of the species composition in 2100 will be new for that region, and in Southern Europe, where up to 25% of the species now present will have disappeared under the climatic circumstances forecasted for 2100. In Mediterranean scrubland and natural grassland/steppe systems, arctic and tundra systems species turnover is high, indicating major changes in species composition in these ecosystems. The mean stable area of species decreases mostly in Mediterranean scrubland, grassland/steppe systems and warm mixed forests. 相似文献
998.
Farming in higher latitudes is generally believed to benefit from a warmer climate due to extended growing season, reduced risk of frost, availability of more productive cultivars, and an opening potential of farming in northern locations. We analyzed the impact of climate change on production of cereals in Russia and found that this general perception of beneficiary effect of a warmer climate is unlikely to hold, primarily due to increasing risk of droughts in the most important agricultural areas of the country. Past impacts of droughts on food security throughout the twentieth century suggest that a number of adaptation options are available to mitigate the increasing risks of crop failure. We analyze the effectiveness of these measures in connection with a set of climate change projections, under two contrasting scenarios of interregional grain trade: “Fortress Market” and “Open Market.” 相似文献
999.
James S. Risbey 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(1):197-203
Water resources in Australia are sensitive to changes in rainfall. Ongoing droughts in south-west and south-east Australia are stressing water resources in the major cities and in agricultural regions. Climate change scenarios for Australia include reasonable prospects of long-term drying, which would exacerbate these issues. The dryer scenarios would entail major readjustments and costs on natural and human systems. 相似文献
1000.