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121.
122.
Jaspers V Dauwe T Pinxten R Bervoets L Blust R Eens M Veerle J Tom D Rianne P Lieven B Ronny B Marcel E 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2004,6(4):356-360
Feathers have been used extensively as non-destructive biomonitors for heavy metal pollution. Birds excrete heavy metals into growing feathers during moult. After feather formation, the feathers become isolated from the rest of the body, suggesting that the feathers contain information of circulating heavy metal concentrations in the blood at the time of their development. However, heavy metal levels may change due to exogenous contamination, resulting in higher concentrations in feathers that are exposed most to exogenous conditions. We studied the effect of exogenous contamination in free-living adult great tits (Parus major) by measuring--within the same individual--the concentrations of twelve heavy metals (Ag, Al, As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Tl and Zn) in three outermost tail feathers that were exposed to exogenous contamination for different periods of time. In particular, for each individual heavy metal levels in the removed left outermost tail feather were compared with levels in the regrown left and the right outermost tail feather, that were both removed 40 days after removal of the original left feather. This study revealed that, with the exception of mercury, the concentration of all heavy metals was significantly different among the three outermost tail feathers. Our results suggest that concentrations of most heavy metals build up with increasing age of the feather, indicating that exogenous contamination may be an important source of heavy metals in feathers. However, we found no significant differences in Hg concentrations and we found only small differences in Zn concentrations among tail feathers. Consequently, the concentrations of zinc and mercury in feathers are probably primarily due to endogenous deposition. 相似文献
123.
Mikael Larsson Chuan Wang Jan Dahl Anita Wedholm Cajsa Samuelsson Marcel Magnusson 《International Journal of Green Energy》2013,10(2):127-137
Residue materials generated in the metallurgical industry have gained an increasing importance, both from the points of view of energy and material supply. A joint process integration model for the integrated steel plant system is developed and used in this paper. It takes into account both residue materials and energy recirculation for the system. The potential for increased recirculation and the effect on the system from an environmental point of view is presented, and implementations and practical experiences are discussed. The model developed can serve as a benchmark for different steelmaking operations and constitute a basis for the continuous work involved in material, energy, environment or economic analyses for the steel production system. 相似文献
124.
Variation of heavy metals within and among feathers of birds of prey: effects of molt and external contamination 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Dauwe T Bervoets L Pinxten R Blust R Eens M 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2003,124(3):429-436
In this study we examined the effect of external contamination on the heavy metal (Ag, Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) concentration in feathers. We compared the heavy metal content among the 10 primary wing feathers of sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus), little owls (Athene nocta) and barn owls (Tyto alba) and the variation within the outermost tail feather of sparrowhawks and tawny owls (Strix aluco). The concentration of Hg was significantly higher in feathers molted first, suggesting that levels in feathers reflect levels in the blood during formation. For some other elements (Al, Co, Ni, Pb, Zn) on the other hand, there are strong indications that external contamination may have an important impact on the levels detected in the feathers. This should be taken into account in future monitoring studies. 相似文献
125.
Perk Mv Mv Burema J Vandenhove H Goor F Timofeyev S 《Journal of environmental management》2004,72(4):247-232
The economic feasibility of short rotation coppice (SRC) production and energy conversion in areas contaminated by Chernobyl-derived (137)Cs was evaluated taking the spatial variability of environmental conditions into account. Two sequential GIS-embedded submodels were developed for a spatial assessment, which allow for spatial variation in soil contamination, soil type, and land use. These models were applied for four SRC production and four energy conversion scenarios for the entire contaminated area of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia and for a part of the Bragin district, Belarus. It was concluded that in general medium-scale SRC production using local machines is most profitable. The areas near Chernobyl are not suitable for SRC production since the contamination levels in SRC wood exceed the intervention limit. Large scale SRC production is not profitable in areas where dry and sandy soils predominate. If the soil contamination does not exceed the intervention limit and sufficient SRC wood is available, all energy conversion scenarios are profitable. 相似文献
126.
Stanislav Knotek Marcel Workamp Jan Geršl Menne D. Schakel 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2021,71(1):46-59
ABSTRACT European legislation continues to drive down emission limit values, making the emission measurement of narrow stacks of increasing importance. However, the applicable standards (EN ISO 16911–1 and EN 15259) are poorly validated for narrow stacks, and the effect of flow disturbances on the described methods are largely unknown. In this article, measurement errors are investigated in narrow stacks with flow disturbances and swirl, both experimentally and through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The results indicate that measurement errors due to misalignment of the flow with typical measuring probes (pitot tubes) are small compared to errors resulting from the positioning of these probes in the measurement plane. Errors up to 15% are reported using the standardized methods, while the measurement error is both smaller and more predictable when using additional measurement points. Implications: Current international standards provide methods to measure emissions from industrial stacks. With increasingly small emission limit values, the accuracy of these measurements is becoming considerably more important. The data from this study can be used to inform revisions of these standards, in particular with respect to flow disturbances in narrow stacks, and can help law- and policy-makers to obtain insight into the uncertainties of emission measurements in these specific situations. 相似文献
127.
The use of the Bel W3 tobacco variety revealed the existence of an intrapopulation variation of sensitivity to the ozone effect leading to the isolation of two categories of plants: sensitive and resistant. The use of sensitive plants revealed the existence of a biological ozone efficiency threshold at a level close to 34.5 ppb. Under the threshold, the biological effects observed were weak or very weak. They can be attributed to the occurrence of secondary phenomena (chemical, physiological, pathological, etc.), inducing or inhibiting necrosis, which become perceptible here. 相似文献
128.
It has been proposed that blue-green egg colours have evolved as a post-mating signal of female quality, selected by males
allocating their parental effort in response to the strength of this signal. We tested two main assumptions of the sexually
selected egg coloration hypothesis: (1) whether the intensity of eggshell blue-green chroma (BGC) reflects female quality;
and (2) whether males make their decisions on the level of parental care that they provide according to the intensity of eggshell
BGC. As a model species, we chose the facultatively polygynous great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus). In this species, females simultaneously paired with the same male, compete for his nest attendance and could benefit from
signalling their quality through egg coloration. However, we found no association between the variation in eggshell BGC and
the measures of female quality (physical condition, mean egg volume and age). Moreover, great reed warbler males did not adjust
their investment (as measured in terms of nest defence against a brood parasite) in relation to the eggshell BGC. We conclude
that blue-green egg coloration in this open-nesting passerine is unlikely to have a signalling function. Rather, the large
colour variation among clutches of individual females may depend on yearly fluctuations in environmental conditions. 相似文献
129.
Alfréd Trnka Milica Po?gayová Petr Procházka Pavol Prokop Marcel Honza 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2012,66(8):1187-1194
Reproductive success of brood parasites varies considerably both among and within host species, mainly due to differences in host egg-rejection rates and survival of parasitic chicks. Here, we investigated the breeding success of the cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) in one of its major hosts, the great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus), with respect to host social mating status. In this passerine, polygynous males provide less parental care to their young per nest than monogamous males. Consequently, their less-assisted females may fledge lower numbers of nestlings than monogamous females. This may be especially true for secondary females, which often receive limited or no paternal help with young at all. Based on these findings, we expected higher cuckoo reproductive success in nests of socially monogamous than polygynous great reed warbler males. More specifically, we predicted lower fledging success of cuckoo young in nests of secondary than primary or monogamous females. In line with the prediction, we found higher cuckoo fledging success in nests of monogamous than polygynous males, monogamous nests being more than twice as successful as secondary nests. We detected, however, only a tendency to lower cuckoo success in primary compared to monogamous nests and no differences between primary and secondary nests. Moreover, neither parasitism nor host egg-rejection rates differed among the nests of different status. Our results show, for the first time, that the social mating status of a host may influence the overall reproductive success of a brood parasite and thus should be considered in further studies. 相似文献
130.
Parental care is often characterized by complex behavioral interactions between offspring soliciting for food and parents providing food. During this interplay both behaviors, offspring begging and parental provisioning, can exert a selective pressure on the expression of the other. It has, therefore, been predicted that traits involved in this interplay may coevolve and ultimately become (genetically) correlated. Such covariation has—at least at the phenotypic level—been found in a number of cross-fostering studies, including evidence from the canary (Serinus canaria), our model species. However, a common challenge for these studies has been to establish a genetic covariation given the difficulty to disentangle the relative contribution of genetic and maternal effects, as the latter may act already before cross-fostering. We addressed this problem by studying within-individual covariation between begging (expressed at the nestling stage) and provisioning (expressed at the adult stage). In addition, we estimated the degree of heritability of these behaviors using parent-offspring regressions, as inheritance forms a prerequisite for any genetic correlation. Both traits showed a low to moderate non-significant heritability, similar to those previously reported in other bird species. However, offspring begging and parental provisioning did not covary at the intra-individual level. Thus, individuals begging intensively as nestlings were not necessarily individuals that provided more food as adults or vice versa. These findings provide important insights for our understanding of coadaptation, suggesting that factors other than genes such as maternal effects may play a role in adjusting offspring begging to the levels of parental provisioning. 相似文献