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91.
Coastal development along the Mediterranean coast needs to be tackled with an integrated approach, in order to safeguard people
and properties from extreme events, maintain environmental flows and ecosystems functions, protect coastal landscapes and
ensure public accessibility to the shore. The complexity of the Mediterranean countries legal and administrative framework
and its morphological heterogeneity make the implementation of new the Protocol on ICZM provisions on coastal setbacks,—claiming
for a 100 m wide buffer zone where construction is not allowed— a challenge for the success of the initiative. European countries
and the European Commission are party to the protocol but the European legal framework lacks of specific provisions addressing
the definition of coastal setbacks. Moreover, climate change, in terms of sea level rise and maritime climate, could play
a major role in the future position of setback lines. While arbitrary setbacks should be put in place to halt short-term unwise
coastal development, science can improve the identification of coastal setbacks by providing integrated methodologies to be
implemented at the local level. The objective of this paper is to review concepts and practices in the use of coastal setbacks,
in the context of the provisions of the ICZM protocol and taking into account new challenges posed by climate change. A stepwise
route map is proposed as a base to identify coastal setbacks, applicable to the Mediterranean region and elsewhere, to be
used as a base to improve arbitrary setback approaches. 相似文献
92.
Coastal development along the Mediterranean coast needs to be tackled with an integrated approach, in order to safeguard people
and properties from extreme events, maintain environmental flows and ecosystems functions, protect coastal landscapes and
ensure public accessibility to the shore. The complexity of the Mediterranean countries legal and administrative framework
and its morphological heterogeneity make the implementation of new the Protocol on ICZM provisions on coastal setbacks,—claiming
for a 100 m wide buffer zone where construction is not allowed— a challenge for the success of the initiative. European countries
and the European Commission are party to the protocol but the European legal framework lacks of specific provisions addressing
the definition of coastal setbacks. Moreover, climate change, in terms of sea level rise and maritime climate, could play
a major role in the future position of setback lines. While arbitrary setbacks should be put in place to halt short-term unwise
coastal development, science can improve the identification of coastal setbacks by providing integrated methodologies to be
implemented at the local level. The objective of this paper is to review concepts and practices in the use of coastal setbacks,
in the context of the provisions of the ICZM protocol and taking into account new challenges posed by climate change. A stepwise
route map is proposed as a base to identify coastal setbacks, applicable to the Mediterranean region and elsewhere, to be
used as a base to improve arbitrary setback approaches. 相似文献
93.
Early family life is characterized by a close interaction between parents and their offspring. This needs to be disentangled when studying the ontogeny and evolution of a given behavior—e.g. via cross-fostering. But cross-fostering may change the expression of parent and offspring behaviors as they may respond to the novel environment. Furthermore, parent and offspring traits are potentially co-adjusted and cross-fostering may, therefore, introduce a costly mismatch. To study such consequences of cross-fostering, we created an experimental group (EG) of broods raised by foster parents from day 3 onwards and a control group of broods raised by their biological parents throughout. We tested offspring begging intensity in all broods and the provisioning of the EG-parents only, both on day 3 just before cross-fostering and then again on day 5. Costs were estimated in terms of growth and survival (offspring costs) and mass of a second clutch (parental costs). Offspring begging intensity varied with age, but this change was neither affected by cross-fostering per se nor by small-scale differences in parental provisioning between biological and foster parents. Similarly, the change in parental provisioning with offspring age among the EG-parents was not affected by the difference in begging between biological and foster nestlings. This lack in behavioral plasticity in response to cross-fostering did not entail costs to neither of the parties. Our results suggest a rather predetermined pattern of behavioral expression, which may be shaped by limits and costs to plasticity and/or an (apparent) lack of costs of a behavioral mismatch. 相似文献
94.
Hormones of maternal origin transferred to the eggs of oviparous species have been shown to significantly affect offspring development. Furthermore, there is now increasing evidence that these effects may last into adulthood. This underlines the persistence of yolk hormone-mediated maternal effects as well as their trans-generational potential as these changes may involve fitness-related traits such as mate choice behaviour, reproductive traits and longevity. Here, we tested the potential of yolk testosterone to affect sexual selection by experimentally increasing the yolk testosterone levels via egg injections. We focused on two central axes of sexual selection, male–male competition for access to a female (intra-sexual selection) and female mate choice behaviour (inter-sexual selection), using canaries (Serinus canaria) as a model species. Neither male agonistic behaviour nor access to the opposite sex, as measured in staged male–male encounters in the presence of a female, were affected by experimentally elevating yolk testosterone levels. We did not find any evidence for effects on female mate choice behaviour either, given the lack of significant effects on mate choice activity, consistency in female mate choice or choosiness. In conclusion, our results indicate that the consequences of yolk testosterone for sexual selection through changes in behavioural traits, which are expressed during pair formation or male–male competition, are probably limited. 相似文献
95.
Van Der Perk M Burema J Vandenhove H Goor F Timofeyev S 《Journal of environmental management》2004,72(4):770-240
A Monte Carlo analysis of two sequential GIS-embedded submodels, which evaluate the economic feasibility of short rotation coppice (SRC) production and energy conversion in areas contaminated by Chernobyl-derived (137)Cs, was performed to allow for variability of environmental conditions that was not contained in the spatial model inputs. The results from this analysis were compared to the results from the deterministic model presented in part I of this paper. It was concluded that, although the variability in the model results due to within-gridcell variability of the model inputs was considerable, the prediction of the areas where SRC and energy conversion is potentially profitable was robust. If the additional variability in the model input that is not contained in the input maps is also taken into account, the SRC production and energy conversion appears to be potentially profitable at more locations for both the small scale and large scale production scenarios than the model predicted using the deterministic model. 相似文献
96.
Peter E. Levy Renate Wendler Marcel van Oijen Melvin G. R. Cannell Peter Millard 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2005,4(6):67-74
Estimates of the global carbon sink induced by nitrogen enrichment range vary widely, from nearly zero to 2.3 Gt C year?1. It is necessary to reduce this uncertainty if we are to make accurate predictions of the future magnitude of the terrestrial carbon sink. Here, we present a Monte Carlo approach to uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of three ecosystem models, Century, BGC and Hybrid. These models were applied to a coniferous forest ecosystem in Sweden. The best estimate of the change in total carbon content of the ecosystem with the cumulative change in nitrogen deposition over 100 years, ΔCtotal/ΔNdeposition was 20.1 kg C (kg N)?1 using the pooled mean, with a pooled standard deviation of 13.8 kg C (kg N)?1. Variability in parameters accounted for 92% of the total uncertainty in ΔCtotal/ΔNdeposition, and only 8% was attributable to differences between models. The most sensitive parameters were those which controlled the allocation of assimilate between leaves, roots and stem. In particular, an increase in allocation to fine roots led to a large reduction in ΔCtotal/ΔNdeposition in all models, because the fine roots have a very high turnover rate, and extra carbon allocated there is soon lost through mortality and decomposition. 相似文献
97.
Marcel van der Perk Philip N. Owens Lynda K. Deeks Barry G. Rawlins 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2006,6(5-6):443-451
A spatially extensive geochemical data set of stream water and bed sediment composition across the Tamar catchment in south-west
England was analysed to identify the key bed sediment properties that control the in-stream dissolved reactive phosphorus
(DRP) concentrations during baseflow conditions. Linear regression analysis of the streamwater DRP concentrations and the
distribution coefficient K
d for DRP revealed that the former is positively correlated with total SiO2 and Al2O3, and negatively correlated with K2O. The primary control on these major element distributions is the dominant bedrock geology. The data suggest that streamwater
DRP concentrations are mainly controlled by adsorption to clay minerals. Where P concentrations in streamwater were considerably
elevated by inputs from point sources, DRP concentrations are also controlled by precipitation of hydroxyapatite. 相似文献
98.
How do birds recognize their own eggs? Do they have a stored template for their own egg characteristics, or do they use another mechanism? Intraspecific brood parasitism is considered to be an additional reproductive tactic where females can increase their own reproductive success. Because of the costs involved in rearing young that are not their own, it will pay females to detect and reject the eggs of a parasite, although it is not known how they do this. Here, we show experimentally that moorhens will cease laying in a nest when their first egg is replaced with another hen’s egg but not when it is replaced with their own egg taken from an earlier clutch. This provides good evidence that birds have an internal representation of their own eggs and use this in decisions about whether to reject foreign eggs. 相似文献
99.
Process design can be influenced most in the early phases. Here, screening methods play a major role, as they reduce the complexity of a system studied by making a pre-selection from a set of alternatives available. The remaining alternatives can be analyzed in more detail in the subsequent design process, which increases design efficiency. The present paper focuses on a multi-stage screening approach for use in the early process development phase in particular. This approach is based on the use of non-compensatory decision support methods that are transferred to life cycle assessment. It may be divided into a first stage, in which the decision matrix used is developed on the basis of decision analysis principles, and a second stage, in which the decision matrix developed is further processed using non-compensatory decision support methods. An example of such a method is the pareto-dominance analysis applied here. The approach proposed is validated by application to the process of biomass gasification in supercritical water, which is being developed at the moment. Here, screening is performed to identify those life cycles, the potential environmental impacts of which contribute most to the total impacts. Attributes are selected in line with the requirement of a simple, but still sufficient modeling of these environmental impacts. By pareto-dominance analysis, emissions from the gasification of sewage sludge, the pre-chain of natural gas production, and from the construction of the supercritical gasification plant are identified to dominate over the remaining life cycles studied. Apart from the predominating alternatives, it is of particular importance to know the dominated alternatives. Due to their small shares in the result, no or only a small expenditure is needed to identify improvement potentials of these alternatives. 相似文献
100.
PFOS levels in the blood and liver of a small insectivorous songbird near a fluorochemical plant 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is the stable end product of the degradation of various perfluorinated compounds and is the predominant compound found in the environment and biota. PFOS is a widespread environmental contaminant that is found in a great diversity of wildlife species with more elevated tissue concentrations in animals from populated and industrialized areas. In this study we determined the PFOS accumulation in blood and livers of a small songbird, the great tit (Parus major), in the vicinity of a large fluorochemical plant in Antwerp, Belgium. PFOS concentrations ranged from 553 ng/g to 11359 ng/g in liver and ranged from 24 to 1625 ng/ml in blood, which are among the highest ever reported in free-living animals, and exceeded in almost all birds the hepatic benchmark concentrations for the protection of avian species [Beach SA, Newsted JL, Coady K, Giesy JP. Ecotoxicological evaluation of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2006;186:133-174]. Although PFOS concentrations in liver and blood decreased significantly within approximately 5.5 km of the plant, differences were smaller than previously described for wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) and nestling great tits. PFOS concentrations in liver and blood were higher in young birds (one-year old). No significant sex differences were found. A highly significant correlation between liver and blood concentrations indicates the usefulness of blood as a non-destructive matrix for biomonitoring purposes. 相似文献