河北省PM2.5污染变化特征及暴露人群健康效应评估研究

PM2.5污染是影响中国城市居民健康和形成雾霾天气的重要原因之一,也是河北省健康发展的一个制约因素.采用环境污染流行病研究为基础的暴露-反应关系估算了2014年和2015年全省因PM2.5污染的居民早逝和罹患相关疾病住院的人数,并利用国家和河北省卫生统计数据,估算出人均人力资源价值和人均住院成本,计算出总经济损失.结果表明,河北省各市的PM2.5年均浓度呈下降趋势,因此,继续坚持有效的大气污染控制和应急健康防护措施,仍然是今后环保工作的重中之重.     

探究不同金属离子对电化学氧化去除水体中4-CP的影响

文章为探究金属离子(亚铁离子、铁离子、二价铜离子、二价锰离子)对电化学氧化降解废水中4-CP的影响。采用自制的圆形电化学反应器,通过添加不同含量的金属离子来探究对4-CP去除效果的影响。试验的研究表明,亚铁离子具有较好的催化强化效果,平均催化效率可达24%,且Fe(Ⅱ)最适宜投加量为1.5mmol/L,催化效率可提高31.5%。另外其他三种金属离子均存在不同程度的抑制,其中抑制效果由强到弱为Mn(Ⅱ)>Fe(Ⅲ)>Cu(Ⅱ),且当Mn(Ⅱ)投加量为3.0 mmol/L时,完全抑制4-CP的电化学氧化降解。     

Mechanism of complexation of toxic arsenate,selenate, and molybdate with hydrotalcites

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Wastewater from the uranium mining industry contains toxic arsenate (AsO43–), selenate (SeO42–), and molybdate (MoO42–) that can be removed by...     

Disaster risk from a macroeconomic perspective: a metric for fiscal vulnerability evaluation

The Disaster Deficit Index (DDI) measures macroeconomic and financial risk in a country according to possible catastrophic scenario events. Extreme disasters can generate financial deficit due to sudden and elevated need of resources to restore affected inventories. The DDI captures the relationship between the economic loss that a country could experience when a catastrophic event occurs and the availability of funds to address the situation. The proposed model utilises the procedures of the insurance industry in establishing probable losses, based on critical impacts during a given period of exposure; for economic resilience, the model allows one to calculate the country's financial ability to cope with a critical impact. There are limitations and costs associated with access to resources that one must consider as feasible values according to the country's macroeconomic and financial conditions. This paper presents the DDI model and the results of its application to 19 countries of the Americas and aims to guide governmental decision‐making in disaster risk reduction.     

武都碾压混凝土重力坝抗震分析与安全评价

武都水库是四川省江油市境内的涪江干流上的大(1)型水利工程。汶川8级地震中,武都水库工程紧邻震中区附近,并正处于施工高峰期,大地震对武都水库工程已建和在建的40多个项目均有不同程度的损坏。分别采用水工建筑物抗震设计规范给定的地震动参数值和地震后复核确定的地震动参数值,对武都大坝进行抗震分析与安全性评价。计算表明,当设计设防加速度256cm/s2时,按规范规定的悬臂梁法进行抗震计算时,均满足现行抗震规范的要求。按平面有限元计算时局部拉应力超出规范的允许值,建议挡水坝段下游坝面折坡附近以及溢流坝段在导墙与边墩交接处附近提高混凝土的强度等级。鉴于坝踵、坝址部位局部范围内仍有较大水平的拉应力,建议自建基面的一定高度内应确保混凝土的浇筑质量,以确保大坝的抗震强度安全。     

How do you build back better so no one is left behind? Lessons from Sint Maarten,Dutch Caribbean,following Hurricane Irma

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 and the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals call for action to build back better in ways that leave no one behind. At the same time, ensuring a local voice is increasingly central to humanitarian engagement. These aims contrast with limited analysis of how local actors might be supported in these respects during response and recovery, and how far recommendations are specific or generalisable across richer and poorer national contexts. The paper begins by comparing lessons learnt by survivors and community organisations in Sint Maarten, Dutch Caribbean, following a high‐income state‐led response to Hurricane Irma in 2017 with the priorities of lower income, humanitarian‐led endeavours. The differences reveal the importance of economic resources as the basis for individual self‐reliance and a fragmented civil society with limited leadership ambitions in Sint Maarten. Strong cross‐cultural alignment nevertheless allows for a globally‐relevant and yet contextually‐sensitive framework for survivor‐led action and reconstruction.     

CFD simulation of pressure piling

The explosion of flammable mixtures in interconnected compartments is commonly defined as “pressure piling”. Peak pressures much higher than the predictable thermodynamic values are likely to be generated in this geometry, yielding the phenomenon of major interest in industrial safety. In this paper, a CFD model was implemented, aiming at understanding the major factors affecting pressure piling in two cylindrical interconnected vessels, by varying the volume ratio between the two interconnected vessels and the ignition position. A combustion model was specifically developed to follow the flame propagation in any combustion regimes as a function of the local conditions: laminar, flamelet and distributed reaction zone.The model was validated by comparison with experimental results. The agreement between the experiments and the simulations has allowed the interpretation of the pressure piling phenomenon and the understanding of the mechanisms involved. More precisely, the results have showed that the pressure peak intensity is mainly affected by the coupling between the pre-compression of the mixture in the secondary vessel and the violence of explosion in the same vessel as related to the venting time, the latest quantified by the turbulent Bradley number, Br_t i.e. by the reaction time to the venting time ratio.     

8种典型选矿药剂对小鼠的急性毒性研究

为了解8种典型选矿药剂的毒性,选用小鼠灌胃给药做急性毒性试验.在预试验中确定死亡率为0和100%的剂量后,按改良寇氏法计算其中6种药剂LD50,并做出比较.最大耐受量法测定其中2种药剂急性毒性作用.正戊基黄药等6种药剂的小鼠灌胃给药范围为101.7～1 611 mg/kg时LD50由大到小的药剂依次为丁胺黑药、十二胺、正戊基黄药、水杨羟肟酸、H205和Z200;醚胺GE-601、氧化石蜡皂的最大耐受量分别大于5 000 mg/kg、2 703 mg/kg.根据急性毒性分级标准,醚胺GE-601属于实际无毒的物质,正戊基黄药、丁胺黑药、十二胺、氧化石蜡皂、水杨羟肟酸属于低毒物质,而H205和Z200则属于中等毒物质.     

喀斯特深水湖泊富硒沉积物中Se的赋存特征

采用硒的循环提取技术,改进后对湖区沉积物中重金属元素硒进行地球化学形态分析.分析结果表明,红枫湖沉积物中Se的硫化物结合态平均含量最高,占总量的45.7%,其含量顺序为硫化物结合态>残渣态>有机结合态>可交换态>酸溶态>水溶态.并采用次生相富集系数法(SPEF)评价红枫湖沉积物中的Se,结果得KSPEF=2.58,即重金属元素Se可能存在某种人为污染.利用配备X射线能谱的电子显微镜进行微形貌的观察,结果表明,沉积物中除去土壤中常见的元素含量外,S的含量较高,约为0.61%(重量比),但并未发现自然Se的存在.应用X射线多晶衍射仪对沉积物中Se的晶型进行分析,红枫湖沉积物中MSe、MSeO4、MSeO3、MSe2O5和含Se的有机化合物是Se元素存在的主要晶型(其中M为金属离子).加之沉积物中有机质及Se的可利用态含量较高,故红枫湖沉积物经植物修复后,可用于富硒农作物的种植.     

底泥与衰亡植物营养释放及细菌群落演替差异的比较分析

为揭示两种"湖泛"因素对水质影响及细菌群落演替差异,对泸沽湖草海底泥和衰亡植物营养释放过程进行对比研究,并通过冗余分析阐明影响细菌群落不同阶段变化的主要环境因子.结果表明,前期是衰亡植物与底泥营养释放及细菌演替差异显著的主要阶段.植物腐解过程中,细菌前期厌氧发酵更剧烈,水体迅速处于低pH、低DO和低ORP(Oxidat...