强化垂直流可渗透反应墙处理渗滤液污染物

针对垃圾渗滤液污染物组分多、处理难度大、可生化性差的特点,基于可渗透反应墙(PRB)被动修复技术,通过多种填料的组合构建三重垂直流PRB强化的砂箱模型,对垃圾渗滤液进行连续动态处理研究。实验结果表明,填料的组合顺序对强化PRB系统净化能力有较大的影响,由无烟煤、沸石、钢渣依次组成的强化垂直流PRB系统(2#砂箱)对NH+4-N、NO-3-N、NO-2-N、COD、PO3-4-P的平均去除率分别为96.12%、30.36%、75.24%、39.03%和30.47%,处理效果明显好于相同条件下依次由无烟煤、钢渣、沸石组成的强化垂直流PRB系统(1#砂箱)。与常规PRB处理系统相比,强化垂直流可渗透反应墙系统可实现垃圾渗滤液中多种污染物同步有效去除,是极具发展潜力的新型技术。     

硫酸盐还原菌污泥固定化特性

采用玉米芯为碳源,聚乙烯醇(PVA)为包埋载体,饱和硼酸(H3BO3)为交联剂,研究了硫酸盐还原菌污泥(SRBS)、铁屑、麦饭石共固处理合成煤矿酸性废水的最优配比与机理,并分析了固定化过程中小球稳定性及活性的变化规律。实验结果表明,SRBS投加量是影响处理效果的最显著因子,当投加30%SRBS、2%铁屑、3%麦饭石时SO2-4、Mn2+去除率分别为94.13%和84.39%,溶液p H为7.03,未检测出Fe2+;随着交联时间的延长,小球膨胀率及SO2-4还原率分别呈线性与指数下降,从保持小球稳定性与活性角度考虑,可将交联时间设定为4~8 h;该法可为市政污泥的处置以及生物法处理煤矿酸性废水的工程应用提供技术参考。     

液膜分离技术处理含Cr6+废水的研究

采用液膜分离技术处理Cr^6＋质量浓度为200—1000mg／L的废水,考察了膜溶剂、载体、内水相、外水相、pH、乳水比（乳液与废水的体积比）等因素对处理效果的影响,通过正交实验得出最佳实验条件。结果表明,在膜溶剂为煤油、载体为三辛胺、内水相为氯氧化钠、氢氧化钠质量分数为2％、pn为1、乳水比为1：4的最佳条件下,Cr^6＋的去除率可达98．4％。     

造纸中段废水与生活污水合并深度处理工艺

采用水解酸化 CAST 混凝 复合滤池与水解酸化 接触氧化 混凝 复合滤池2种组合工艺对造纸中段废水与生活污水进行合并处理对照试验.结果表明,两种工艺都是切实可行的,二级出水均可达到<污水综合排放标准>(GB8978-1996)二级标准,深度处理出水可达中水水质要求.其中以水解酸化 CAST 混凝 复合滤池组合工艺效果最好.     

The dynamic changes of arsenic biotransformation and bioaccumulation in muscle of freshwater food fish crucian carp during chronic dietborne exposure

Dietary uptake is the major way that inorganic arsenic (iAs) enters into benthic fish; however, the metabolic process of dietborne iAs in fish muscle following chronic exposure remains unclear. This was a 40-day study on chronic dietborne iAs [arsenite (AsIII) and arsenate (AsV)] exposure in the benthic freshwater food fish, the crucian carp (Carassius auratus), which determined the temporal profiles of iAs metabolism and toxicokinetics during exposure. We found that an adaptive response occurred in the fish body after iAs dietary exposure, which was associated with decreased As accumulation and increased As transformation into a non-toxic As form (arsenobetaine). The bioavailability of dietary AsIII was lower than that of AsV, probably because AsIII has a lower ability to pass through fish tissues. Dietary AsV exhibited a high potential for transformation into AsIII species, which then accumulated in fish muscle. The largely produced AsIII considered more toxic at the earlier stage of AsV exposure should attract sufficient attention to human exposure assessment. Therefore, the pristine As species and exposure duration had significant effects on As bioaccumulation and biotransformation in fish. The behavior determined for dietborne arsenic in food fish is crucial for not only arsenic ecotoxicology but also food safety.     

Eulerian and Lagrangian time scales of the turbulence above staggered arrays of cubical obstacles

Environmental Fluid Mechanics - We present results from water-channel experiments on neutrally-stable turbulent flows over staggered arrays of cubical obstacles modelling idealised urban canopies....     

建筑安全风险因素分级排序的风险矩阵法

为减少风险分级排序时产生的风险结,在引入施工安全事故频率的基础上,采用单元格细化和Borda序值法改进原有的风险矩阵法。改进后的方法使得风险等级数量增加,风险结数量减少。将该方法应用于脚手架工程的风险因素的分级与排序,风险等级分为6级,且实现了12个因素的明确排序。     

考虑岩石抗拉强度受围压影响的地层破裂压模型

预测地层破裂压力是地下流体注入工程中的关键问题,关系到工程的稳定性和安全性。根据地测资料,岩石的抗拉强度会随着围压产生变化,然而目前常见的地层破裂压预测模型均未考虑该因素。基于厚壁圆筒法,针对2种砂岩开展不同围压条件下的砂岩致裂试验,根据试验数据,计算各组试验中试样的抗拉强度,并拟合围压与岩石抗拉强度的关系函数。研究岩石抗拉强度随围压变化的规律,提出能在实际地层中表征该规律的参数,基于该参数对现有的地层破裂压模型进行修正,并结合实测数据验证修正模型的可靠性。研究结果表明:岩石的抗拉强度随着围压的增加呈现明显的线性正相关关系,低围压下,新模型的预测结果与实测数据较为接近。随着围压增加,二者的差异逐渐增大,说明选取的特征参数在低围压下能较好地描述抗拉强度受围压的影响效应,而高围压下参数的取值需进一步研究。     

City breathability and its link to pollutant concentration distribution within urban-like geometries

This paper is devoted to the study of pollutant concentration distribution within urban-like geometries. By applying efficiency concepts originally developed for indoor environments, the term ventilation is used as a measure of city “breathability”. It can be applied to analyse pollutant removal within a city in operational contexts. This implies the evaluation of the bulk flow balance over the city and of the mean age of air. The influence of building packing density on flow and pollutant removal is, therefore, evaluated using those quantities. Idealized cities of regular cubical buildings were created with packing density ranging from 6.25% to 69% to represent configurations from urban sprawl to compact cities. The relative simplicity of these arrangements allowed us to apply the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) flow and dispersion simulations using the standard k–? turbulence model. Results show that city breathability within the urban canopy layer is strongly dependent from the building packing density. At the lower packing densities, the city responds to the wind as an agglomeration of obstacles, at larger densities (from about 44%) the city itself responds as a single obstacle. With the exception of the lowest packing density, airflow enters the array through lateral sides and leaves throughout the street top and flow out downstream. The air entering through lateral sides increases with increasing packing density.At the street top of the windward side of compact building configurations, a large upward flow is observed. This vertical transport reduces over short distance to turn into a downward flow further downstream of the building array. These findings suggest a practical way of identifying city breathability. Even though the application of these results to real scenarios require further analyses the paper illustrates a practical framework to be adopted in the assessment of the optimum neighbourhood building layout to minimize pollution levels.