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991.
Jing Tang Jin Xia Zhai 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(27):21548-21573
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been extensively used as flame retardants in consumer products. PBDEs rapidly bioaccumulate in the environment, food, wild animals and humans. In this review, we investigated the harmful effects of PBDEs on humans, especially in early life, and summarised the levels of PBDEs in human biological samples (breast milk, cord blood and placentas). In addition, we described the spatiotemporal distribution of PBDEs in this review. PBDE levels in breast milk, cord blood and placentas were generally higher in North America than in other regions, such as Asia, Europe, Oceania and Africa. However, high levels of PBDEs in human biological samples were detected at e-waste recycling sites in South China, East China and South Korea. This finding suggests that newborns living in e-waste regions are exposed to high levels of PBDEs during prenatal and postnatal periods. The time trends of PBDE concentration differed according to the region. Few studies have investigated PBDE levels in humans from 1967 to 2000, but they increased rapidly after 2000. PBDE concentration peaked at approximately 2006 globally. Compared with other PBDE congeners, BDE-47, BDE-153 and BDE-209 were the major components, but the detection rate of BDE-209 was lower than those of others. Future studies should focus on determining the BDE-209 concentration, which requires the implementation of different analytical approaches. Additionally, the levels of PBDEs in human samples and the environment should be monitored, especially in e-waste recycling regions. 相似文献
992.
Baoni Xie Xiaoxu Jia Zhanfei Qin Jian Shen Qingrui Chang 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(6):1583-1594
Monitoring the dynamics of vegetation growth and its response to climate change is important to understand the mechanisms underlying ecosystem behaviors. This study investigated the relationship between vegetation growth and climate change during the growing seasons on the Loess Plateau in China by analyzing the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from the Land Long Term Data Record dataset from 1982 to 2011. Results showed that growing-season NDVI had increased at an annual rate of 0.0028, particularly in the semi-arid and semi-humid regions. By contrast, the NDVI first increased from 1982 to 1994 (0.0013 year?1, P < 0.05) and then decreased from 1994 to 2011 (0.0016 year?1, P < 0.05) in the arid region. Temperature had a positive effect on NDVI in most periods within and across seasons in the semi-humid region but had no significant effect in the arid region. Precipitation had a positive effect on NDVI in the arid region in summer and in the semi-arid region in autumn. Summer precipitation was important for autumn vegetation growth in the arid region, whereas summer temperature increased autumn vegetation growth in the semi-arid and semi-humid regions. Further analyses supported the lag-time effects of climate change on vegetation growth on the Loess Plateau. Precipitation shifts had 15- to 18-month time lag effects on vegetation growth in the three climate regions. Vegetation NDVI had a 17-month lag response to temperature in the semi-arid region. Human activities should not be neglected in analyzing the relationship between vegetation growth and climate change on the Loess Plateau. 相似文献
993.
Va Dany Ros Taplin Bhishna Bajracharya Michael Regan Louis Lebel 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2017,19(4):1167-1188
Incorporating climate change concerns into national development planning allows adaptation to happen in harmony with the sustainable development of a country. Cambodia has received international support to enable climate change-resilient development; “mainstreaming climate change” is one of the key recent strategies. This article aims to identify entry points for integrating climate change concerns into national development planning, especially for the water resources and agriculture sectors. The study uses institutional ethnography research methods with informants drawn from government organisations, local academic institutions, and development partners, together with content analysis of key policy documents. It was found that the Cambodian national planning process restricts the involvement of other actors such as researchers, civil society, and private sector; yet flexible, in that it provides opportunities for the inclusion of climate change and other related concerns. The study identified specific entry points in key policy documents, such as the National Strategic Development Plans, and ministries’ plans. Other entry points were identified in the development planning process, for example, in the process of development departments and ministries’ plans, and actors such as department planners, and departments of planning of line ministries. Climate-informed planning is now plausible; more significant integration of concerns with future climate change, however, will require more commitment and stronger connections among national planning stakeholders, adaptation actors, and research communities. 相似文献
994.
The Role of Abatement Costs in GHG Permit Allocations: A Global Stabilization Scenario Analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kathleen Vaillancourt Richard Loulou Amit Kanudia 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2008,13(2):169-179
Our objective is to propose permit allocation schemes that lead to a fair distribution of the net abatement cost among regions
in a global greenhouse gas (GHG) stabilization scenario. We use a detailed technology-based energy model, World-MARKAL, to
determine efficient abatement decisions, and to calculate the regional gross abatement costs (before permit allocation and
trading). The net abatement costs are then calculated and used for different permit allocation schemes. 相似文献
995.
Monavari SM Omrani GA Karbassi A Raof FF 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(4):1841-1846
Environment problems associated with the generation of waste are part of societal changes where households play an important
role. These societal changes influence the size, structure and characteristic of given households. For the effective planning
of solid-waste handling infrastructure, it is essential to know the quantity of waste generation and its composition. This
paper presents the findings of a study carried out in an urban municipal area in Iran to determine the household solid-waste
generation rate and waste composition based on field surveys and to determine the related socioeconomic parameters. The dependent
variables were waste generation and composition, and independent variables were family size, family employment, age, number
of room and education. Over 400 sample households were selected for the study using a stratified random sampling methodology
and from five different socioeconomic groups. Waste collected from all groups of households were segregated and weighted.
Waste generation rate was 5.4 kg/household/day. Household solid waste comprised of ten categories of wastes and with the largest
component (76.9%). The generation and composition of household solid waste were correlated with family size, education level
and households income. This paper adequately suggests new insights concerning the role of socioeconomic parameters in affecting
the generation of household waste. 相似文献
996.
We test the hypothesis that echolocation behavior can be used to find the border between bat habitats. Assuming that bats
react to background targets in “edge space” but not in “open space”, we determined the border between these two habitat types
for commuting individuals of the parti-colored bat Vespertilio murinus. We recorded sequences of bats’ echolocation signals while they flew parallel to the walls of large buildings and to the
ground and determined the signals’ average bandwidth, duration, and pulse interval. These parameters varied systematically
with the estimated horizontal and vertical distances between the bats and the background. A distinct effect of horizontal
distance to the background on echolocation behavior was found for horizontal distances of less than 6 m, thus indicating the
border between edge and open space. Only a few bats flew at vertical distances below 5 m. However, enough passages at vertical
distances of 5 m and above indicated that the vertical border is somewhere below a distance of 5 m. Within edge space, V. murinus reacted to the background by reducing signal duration, increasing bandwidth at closer distances, and often emitting one signal
per wing beat. In open space, signal parameters did not vary as a function of distance to the background. There, V. murinus emitted the longest signals with the narrowest bandwidth and often made one or two wing beats without emitting a pulse. With
our data we support with statistical methods the hypothesis that echolocation behavior reveals the border between the habitat
types “edge” and “open space”. 相似文献
997.
Summary. We report field and laboratory evidence indicating that the defensive compounds secreted by the millipedes Amplinus bitumidus (Diplopoda: Polydesmida) and Anadenobolus putealis (Diplopoda: Spirobolida) attract the carrion scarab Canthon morsei (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). In a Mexican tropical rain forest, C. morsei was mostly caught in pitfall traps baited with the carcasses of both millipede species. Only a few beetles were attracted
to fish carrion. Experimental evidence indicates that C. morsei is attracted to freshly dead millipedes. Benzaldehyde and HCN were identified from Amplinus bitumidus; but 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (toluquinone) and 2-methoxy- 3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone from Anadenobolus putealis. Benzaldehyde attracted significantly more C. morsei individuals than fish meat, or millipedes of both species did after rinsing in hexane. This is the first report of Polydesmida
attracting dung beetles. 相似文献
998.
Vinod Kumar Yata Bhupesh Chandra Tiwari Irfan Ahmad 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2018,16(1):79-84
High population rise and climate changes are increasing issues of agricultural production and food safety. Nanotechnology is finding revolutionary applications to improve agricultural and food systems, notably for better crop production and food preservation. Here we review research, industrial and patent trends of nanoscience in food and agriculture. In a literature survey, we found 44.6% publications in the nano-food research area during the years 2013–2015 and 59.09% publications in the nano-agriculture research area during 2012–2015. USA is leading in the development of nanotechnology firms with a maximum share of 75.5% of the total firms, followed by Germany and France with 8.10 and 4.74%, respectively. USA is leading in the nano-food research with 22 granted patents, whereas China is placed first in nano-agriculture research with 28 granted patents during assessment years 2011–2015. Nano-food research focused mainly on nano-food packaging with 76.84% contributions, whereas in nano-agriculture research, focus has been on nano-fertilizers with 90% contributions. Germany, France, Korea, Italy, Czech Republic, Slovenia and Slovak republic have more than 20% of dedicated nanotechnology firms. A growth of about 45% in nano-food patents has been observed for USA during 2011–2015, and China is leading in the nano-agriculture patents with an increase of 60.7% during 2012–2015. 相似文献
999.
Ignacio J. Moncho-Esteve Frederik Folke Manuel García-Villalba Guillermo Palau-Salvador 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2017,17(4):695-714
This paper presents large eddy simulation of turbulent flow in a meandering open channel with smooth wall and rectangular cross-section. The Reynolds number based on the channel height is 40,000 and the aspect ratio of the cross-section is 4.48. The depth-averaged mean stream-wise velocity agree well to experimental measurements. In this specific case, two interacting cells are formed that swap from one bend to the other. Transport and mixing of a pollutant is analysed using three different positions of release, e.g. on the inner bank, on the outer bank and on the centre of the cross section. The obtained depth-average mean concentration profiles are reasonably consistent with available experimental data. The role of the secondary motions in the mixing processes is the main focus of the discussion. It is found that the mixing when the scalar is released on the centre of the cross-section is stronger and faster than the mixing of the scalar released on the sides. When the position of release is close to a bank side, the mixing is weaker and a clear concentration of scalar close to the corresponding side-wall can be observed in both cases. 相似文献
1000.
We present a new system for microscopic multicolour variable chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of aquatic phototrophs. The
system is compact and portable and enables microscopic imaging of photosynthetic performance of individual cells and chloroplasts
using different combinations of blue, green, red or white light. Automated sequential exposure of microscopic samples to the
three excitation colours enables subsequent deconvolution of the resulting fluorescence signals and colour marking of cells
with different photopigmentation, i.e., cyanobacteria, green algae, red algae and diatoms. The photosynthetic activity in
complex mixtures of phototrophs and natural samples can thus be assigned to different types of phototrophs, which can be quantified
simultaneously. Here, we describe the composition and performance of the new imaging system and present applications with
both natural phytoplankton and microalgal culture samples. 相似文献