全文获取类型
收费全文 | 116篇 |
免费 | 7篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 6篇 |
环保管理 | 4篇 |
综合类 | 31篇 |
基础理论 | 43篇 |
污染及防治 | 18篇 |
评价与监测 | 11篇 |
社会与环境 | 8篇 |
灾害及防治 | 2篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 5篇 |
2021年 | 1篇 |
2020年 | 3篇 |
2019年 | 8篇 |
2018年 | 7篇 |
2017年 | 6篇 |
2016年 | 10篇 |
2015年 | 6篇 |
2014年 | 1篇 |
2013年 | 5篇 |
2012年 | 10篇 |
2011年 | 12篇 |
2010年 | 5篇 |
2009年 | 7篇 |
2008年 | 7篇 |
2007年 | 3篇 |
2006年 | 6篇 |
2004年 | 2篇 |
2003年 | 4篇 |
2002年 | 4篇 |
2000年 | 1篇 |
1998年 | 2篇 |
1997年 | 1篇 |
1994年 | 2篇 |
1991年 | 1篇 |
1990年 | 1篇 |
1983年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有123条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
91.
Christian Ramp Wilhelm Hagen Per Palsbøll Martine Bérubé Richard Sears 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(10):1563-1576
Analyses of social structures in baleen whales are rare, and so far, they are thought to consist of mostly short and unstable
associations. We investigated the association patterns of individual humpback whales from a summer feeding aggregation in
the Gulf of St. Lawrence from 1997 to 2005. Photo-identified animals were sexed using genetic methods and were grouped into
five categories: juvenile males/females, mature males and lactating/non-lactating females. We calculated half-weight association
indices within and between the groups and found that 45% of the observation showed single animals and another 45% small groups
(two to three) consisting mainly of mature animals besides lactating females. Using permutation tests, we found evidence for
long-term associations between mature males and non-lactating females as well as among non-lactating females. Standardised
lagged association rates revealed that these male–female groups disassociated quickly over about 2 weeks, whereas associations
increased again towards the beginning of the breeding season. Non-lactating females of similar age engaged in multi-seasonal
stable pairs for up to six consecutive feeding seasons; no mature male–female association was observed in consecutive years.
The females with the most stable and long-term associations also had the highest reproductive output. While the risk of predation
could not explain these long-term bonds, feeding cooperation seemed the most plausible explanation for group forming behaviour
during the summer months. 相似文献
92.
93.
Cousillas H George I Mathelier M Richard JP Henry L Hausberger M 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2006,93(12):588-596
Vocal communication develops under social influences that can enhance attention, an important factor in memory formation and perceptual tuning. In songbirds, social conditions can delay sensitive periods of development, overcome learning inhibitions and enable exceptional learning or induce selective learning. However, we do not know how social conditions influence auditory processing in the brain. In the present study, we raised young naive starlings under different social conditions but with the same auditory experience of adult songs, and we compared the effects of these different conditions on the development of the auditory cortex analogue. Several features appeared to be influenced by the social experience, among which the proportion of auditory neuronal sites and the neuronal selectivity. Both physical and social isolation from adult models altered the development of the auditory area in parallel to alterations in vocal development. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that social deprivation has as much influence on neuronal responsiveness as sensory deprivation. 相似文献
94.
Multiple consumers often attack seeds, seedlings, and adult plants, but their population-level consequences remain uncertain. We examined how insect and small mammal consumers influenced the demography and abundance of the perennial shrub, bush lupine (Lupinus arboreus). In grassland and dune habitats we established replicate experimental lupine populations in 81-m2 plots that were either protected from, or exposed to, herbivorous voles and granivorous mice (via fencing) and/or root feeding insects (via insecticide treatment). Populations were initiated with transplanted seedlings in 1999 and 2000. We followed the demography of these cohorts, subsequent generations, and the seed bank for 5.5 years. Voles and insects killed many seedlings in dune (1999 only) and grassland (1999 and 2000) habitats. After 2000, insects and voles had minimal effects on seedling or adult survival. Seed predation by granivorous mice, however, greatly depressed seedling recruitment, resulting in lower adult lupine abundance in control plots vs. those protected from rodents. In grasslands, initial effects of voles and insects on seedling survival produced large differences among treatments in adult plant density and the cumulative number of seeds produced throughout the experiment. Differences among grassland populations in seed rain, however, had little influence on the magnitude of seedling recruitment into this habitat. Instead, recruitment out of a preexisting seed bank compensated for the lack of seed production in populations exposed to consumers. Shading by dense adults in plots protected from consumers limited seedling establishment within these populations. Although differences among populations in cumulative seed rain did not influence adult establishment, populations protected from consumers accumulated substantially larger seed banks than controls. These results illustrate how density dependence, habitat-specific seed dynamics, and particular demographic impacts of consumers interact to shape plant population responses to consumers. 相似文献
95.
96.
Thomas?HartmannEmail author H?kan?H?ggstr?m Claudine?Theuring Rainer?Lindigkeit Martine?Rahier 《Chemoecology》2003,13(3):123-127
Summary. The harvestman Mitopus morio (Phalangidae) is
a generalist predator. It is known to prey on larvae of the
chrysomelid leaf beetle Oreina cacaliae defended by plant
acquired pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Tracer feeding
experiments were performed to determine how harvestmen
tolerate protoxic PAs. Minced meat containing either
[14C]senecionine or [14C]senecionine N-oxide was fed to
M. morio and subsequently feces and bodies were analyzed.
Labeled alkaloid N-oxide remained stable and was eliminated
almost unaltered with the feces; only 10% was recovered
as tertiary PA. In contrast, approximately 80% of
labeled tertiary alkaloid (senecionine) ingested with the diet
was N-oxidized and eliminated; the remaining 20% consisted
of unchanged senecionine and a polar metabolite
of unknown structure. Harvestmen process their diet by
excreting digestive juice, indicated by bleaching of the meat
color. Analysis of the processed diet revealed some N-oxidation
of [14C]senecionine, suggesting the gut as the site of Noxidation.
Analysis of the bodies of harvestmen 80 hours
after the tracer feeding pulse revealed only trace amounts of
the polar metabolite. Neither senecionine nor its N-oxide
could be detected in the body extracts. The results are discussed
in relation to the strategies of PA adapted insects to
avoid accumulation of tertiary PAs in living tissues. 相似文献
97.
Martine Adret-Hausberger 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1982,11(4):241-246
Summary Playback experiments on individuals singing near their nest show that starlings tend to repeat the theme they have just heard even if it is an unfamiliar dialect and not programmed in their own current sequence. The type of response and its temporal characteristics could be related to internal sequential organization rules. Moreover, starlings discriminate between two dialectal variants of a given theme and respond more often and more quickly to the familiar dialect. A social influence on the choice of theme by the individual can also be observed in foraging flocks and roosts where song is frequently given. Observation of such groups reveal that one theme predominates on each given occasion and that it depends on the number of individuals present and on the type of group (flock or roost). This is probably a function of the tendency to match. Previous observations of flights toward the roost showed that birds originating from different dialectal areas congregate in such groups. A few analyses of songs in flocks and roosts confirm the presence of different dialects simultaneously. 相似文献
98.
Torpor is an energy-saving mechanism that allows endotherms to overcome energetic challenges. Torpor should be avoided during
reproduction because of potential incompatibility with offspring growth. To test if torpor can be used during gestation and
lactation to compensate for food shortage, we exposed reproductive female grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus), a heterothermic primate, to different levels of food availability. Torpor use was characterised by daily skin temperature
profiles, and its energetic outcome was assessed from changes in body mass. Food shortage triggered torpor during the end
of the gestation period (n = 1), ranging from shallow in response to 40% food restriction to deep daily torpor in response to 80% restriction. During
the early period of lactation, females fed ad libitum (n = 2) or exposed to a 40% restriction (n = 4) remained normothermic; but 80% food restricted females (n = 5) gave priority to energy saving, increasing the frequency and depth of torpor bouts. The use of torpor was insufficient
to compensate for 80% energetic shortage during lactation resulting in loss of mass from the mother and delayed growth in
the pups. This study provides the first evidence that a heterothermic primate can use torpor to compensate for food shortages
even during reproduction. This physiological flexibility likely evolved as a response to climate-driven fluctuations in food
availability in Madagascar. 相似文献
99.
Martine Hossaert-McKey Catherine Soler Bertrand Schatz Magali Proffit 《Chemoecology》2010,20(2):75-88
Mutualisms are interspecies interactions in which each participant gains net benefits from interacting with its partner. In
nursery pollination mutualisms, pollinators reproduce within the inflorescence they pollinate. In these systems, each partner
depends directly on the other for its reproduction. Therefore, the signal responsible for partner encounter is crucial in
these horizontally transmitted mutualisms, in which the association between specific partners must be renewed at each generation.
As in many other interspecies interactions, chemical signals are suspected to be important in the functioning of these mutualisms.
We synthesized and compared the published data available on the role of floral scents in the functioning of the 16 known independently
evolved nursery pollination mutualisms. So far, attraction of pollinators to their specific hosts has been investigated in
only seven of these systems, and the majority of the studies have been conducted on one of them, fig/fig wasp interactions.
While such unevenness of the information limits the potential for meta-analysis, some patterns emerge from this review concerning
the role of flower volatiles in maintaining the specificity of pollinator attraction, in signaling the appropriate phenological
stage for pollinator visit, in attracting the pollinator toward the rewardless sex in dioecious plant species and in aiding
the location and exploitation of resources by parasites and predators associated with these mutualisms. Finally, we highlight
new perspectives on the evolution of signals in these diversified systems depending on the age and the degree of specificity
of the interaction, and on the effect of phylogenetic inertia on the evolutionary dynamics of plant signals. 相似文献
100.
Peery MZ Beissinger SR House RF Bérubé M Hall LA Sellas A Palsbøll PJ 《Ecology》2008,89(10):2746-2759
Source-sink dynamics have been suggested to characterize the population structure of many species, but the prevalence of source-sink systems in nature is uncertain because of inherent challenges in estimating migration rates among populations. Migration rates are often difficult to estimate directly with demographic methods, and indirect genetic methods are subject to a variety of assumptions that are difficult to meet or to apply to evolutionary timescales. Furthermore, such methods cannot be rigorously applied to high-gene-flow species. Here, we employ genetic parentage assignments in conjunction with demographic simulations to infer the level of immigration into a putative sink population. We use individual-based demographic models to estimate expected distributions of parent-offspring dyads under competing sink and closed-population models. By comparing the actual number of parent-offspring dyads (identified from multilocus genetic profiles) in a random sample of individuals taken from a population to expectations under these two contrasting demographic models, it is possible to estimate the rate of immigration and test hypotheses related to the role of immigration on population processes on an ecological timescale. The difference in the expected number of parent-offspring dyads between the two population models was greatest when immigration into the sink population was high, indicating that unlike traditional population genetic inference models, the highest degree of statistical power is achieved for the approach presented here when migration rates are high. We used the proposed genetic parentage approach to demonstrate that a threatened population of Marbled Murrelets (Braclhyrarmphus marmotus) appears to be supplemented by a low level of immigration (approximately 2-6% annually) from other populations. 相似文献