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排序方式: 共有103条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
Tony Matthews 《Local Environment》2013,18(10):1089-1103
This paper characterises climate change as a “transformative stressor”. It argues that institutional change will become increasingly necessary as institutions seek to reorientate governance frameworks to better manage the transformative stresses created by climate change in urban environments. Urban and metropolitan planning regimes are identified as central institutions in addressing this challenge. The operationalisation of climate adaptation is identified as a central tenet of a comprehensive urban response to the transformative stresses that climate change is predicted to create. Operationalisation refers to climate adaptation becoming incorporated, codified and implemented as a central tenet of urban planning governance. This paper has three purposes. First, it examines conceptual perspectives on the role of transformative stressors in compelling institutional change. Second, it establishes a conceptual approach that characterises climate change as a transformative stressor requiring institutional change within planning frameworks. Third, it reports emergent results and analysis from an empirical inquiry which examines how the metro-regional planning regime of Southeast Queensland has responded to climate change as a transformative stressor via institutional change and the operationalisation of climate adaptation. 相似文献
52.
Predicting extinctions as a result of climate change 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Widespread extinction is a predicted ecological consequence of global warming. Extinction risk under climate change scenarios is a function of distribution breadth. Focusing on trees and birds of the eastern United States, we used joint climate and environment models to examine fit and climate change vulnerability as a function of distribution breadth. We found that extinction vulnerability increases with decreasing distribution size. We also found that model fit decreases with decreasing distribution size, resulting in high prediction uncertainty among narrowly distributed species. High prediction uncertainty creates a conservation dilemma in that excluding these species under-predicts extinction risk and favors mistaken inaction on global warming. By contrast, including narrow endemics results in over-predicting extinction risk and promotes mistaken inaction on behalf of individual species prematurely considered doomed to extinction. 相似文献
53.
James C. Matthews Jonathan P. Ward Paul A. Keitch Denis L. Henshaw 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(39):5093-5100
High voltage power lines are known to produce corona ions that can be carried from the line by the wind, progressively attaching to ambient aerosol particles and causing fluctuations in the Earth’s atmospheric potential gradient. A fixed site monitoring station was installed near two power lines, which recorded the potential gradient at 1 s intervals and the ambient weather conditions every 10 min. The station ran continuously from January 2007 to December 2008, accumulating long-term data. Results from 2008 show an increase in potential gradient variability when a wind is blowing across the power lines towards the station, indicating that corona ions may be present in this environment. 相似文献
54.
Jenny Farmer Robin Matthews Pete Smith Jo U. Smith 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2014,19(6):863-885
Land use change on Indonesian peatlands contributes to global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Accessible predictive tools are required to estimate likely soil carbon (C) losses and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from peat soils under this land use change. Research and modelling efforts in tropical peatlands are limited, restricting the availability of data for complex soil model parameterisation and evaluation. The Tropical Peatland Plantation-Carbon Assessment Tool (TROPP-CAT) was developed to provide a user friendly tool to evaluate and predict soil C losses and CO2 emissions from tropical peat soils. The tool requires simple input values to determine the rate of subsidence, of which the oxidising proportion results in CO2 emissions. This paper describes the model structure and equations, and presents a number of evaluation and application runs. TROPP-CAT has been applied for both site specific and national level simulations, on existing oil palm and Acacia plantations, as well as on peat swamp forest sites to predict likely emissions from future land use change. Through an uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, literature reviews and comparison with other methods of estimating soil C losses, the paper identifies opportunities for future model development, bridging between different approaches to predicting CO2 emissions from tropical peatlands under land use change. TROPP-CAT can be accessed online from www.redd-alert.eu in both English and Bahasa Indonesia. 相似文献
55.
Natural fallout 210Pb may be extracted from soils with hot, dilute nitric acid without extracting significant quantities of 210Pb produced by decay of radon in the soil. This method was used to determine the distribution of fallout 210Pb in the profiles of nine New Zealand soils. The measured levels were similar to equilibrium cumulative depositions calculated from deposition records. The results indicate that these soils have quantitatively retained fallout 210Pb, with 75–100% of it being concentrated in the top 10 cm of soil. This permanent retention of fallout lead by soils suggests that accumulation of lead in the upper soil layer is likely in areas of aerosol lead pollution. 相似文献
56.
Metachromatic polyelectrolyte titration was investigated as a means of analyzing polymeric quaternary ammonium salts (polyquaterniums) of relatively low charge density used as ingredients in cosmetics. They are of possible toxicological concern, but little is known of their environmental fate and behavior. With o-toluidine blue as the indicator, determination of the concentration of a range of polyquaterniums of commercial importance and cosmetic origin was possible. Using a visual endpoint, normalities as low as 3 × 10?5 N could be determined, while with a spectrophotometric endpoint, the technique was effective to approximately 3 × 10?6 N. The concentrations (g L?1) to which these normalities correspond depend on the charge density of the polymer. Polyquaterniums are frequently used in association with anionic surfactants in cosmetic formulations and the presence of an anionic surfactant even in excess did not affect results although the color change was less stable. Titration in the presence of prepared humic acid was also possible. 相似文献
57.
58.
Steven W. Effler Susan M. O’Donnell Anthony R. Prestigiacomo David M. O’Donnell David A. Matthews Emmet M. Owens Adam J.P. Effler 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2009,45(5):1127-1141
Abstract: A combination of long‐term fixed‐frequency and robotic monitoring information for a polluted urban lake, Onondaga Lake, New York, and two of its tributaries is used to resolve the propensity for, and occurrences of, tributary plunging. Cooler temperatures (T) and higher salinity (S) are primarily responsible for the elevated density and plunging of one of these polluted streams for the summer through early fall interval. In‐lake transport of this plunging tributary, which receives inputs from combined sewer overflows (CSOs), is tracked by its high S during dry weather, its high turbidity (Tn) with associated lower S (dilution with rainwater) following runoff events, and by its characteristic ionic composition. These signatures are documented extending from the creek mouth, through a connecting navigation channel, through the inflow zone of the lake, and into metalimnetic depths of pelagic portions of the lake. The entry of this polluted tributary below the depth interval(s) of primary production and contact recreation has important implications for the ongoing major rehabilitation program for this lake. The plunging phenomenon diminishes the benefits previously expected for related features of the lake’s water quality from ongoing management efforts to abate CSO inputs and reduce nonpoint nutrient loading from the tributary. Previously this tributary tended to instead enter the upper layers of the lake during the operation of an adjoining soda ash manufacturing facility (closure in 1986), as a result of high lake S caused by the industry’s ionic waste discharge. 相似文献
59.
Sylvia Szabo Eduardo Brondizio Fabrice G. Renaud Scott Hetrick Robert J. Nicholls Zoe Matthews Zachary Tessler Alejandro Tejedor Zita Sebesvari Efi Foufoula-Georgiou Sandra da Costa John A. Dearing 《Sustainability Science》2016,11(4):539-554
Tropical delta regions are at risk of multiple threats including relative sea level rise and human alterations, making them more and more vulnerable to extreme floods, storms, surges, salinity intrusion, and other hazards which could also increase in magnitude and frequency with a changing climate. Given the environmental vulnerability of tropical deltas, understanding the interlinkages between population dynamics and environmental change in these regions is crucial for ensuring efficient policy planning and progress toward social and ecological sustainability. Here, we provide an overview of population trends and dynamics in the Ganges–Brahmaputra, Mekong and Amazon deltas. Using multiple data sources, including census data and Demographic and Health Surveys, a discussion regarding the components of population change is undertaken in the context of environmental factors affecting the demographic landscape of the three delta regions. We find that the demographic trends in all cases are broadly reflective of national trends, although important differences exist within and across the study areas. Moreover, all three delta regions have been experiencing shifts in population structures resulting in aging populations, the latter being most rapid in the Mekong delta. The environmental impacts on the different components of population change are important, and more extensive research is required to effectively quantify the underlying relationships. The paper concludes by discussing selected policy implications in the context of sustainable development of delta regions and beyond. 相似文献
60.
T. G. Matthews D. L. Wilson A. J. Thompson M. A. Mason S. N. Bailey L. H. Nelms 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1320-1326
Formaldehyde (CH2O) emissions from particleboard underlayment have been measured in 0.17 and 0.2 m3 chambers at separate laboratories to test the comparability of small scale environmental chamber measurements under different ventilation and product loading conditions. Absolute CH2O calibration was established through intermethod comparison of different monitoring techniques against a CH2O generation apparatus. Interlaboratory precision was enhanced via co-calibration of each laboratory’s CH2O colorimetric analyzer against the same blank and bi-level generation source at the beginning and end of the study. The results show excellent intermethod and interlaboratory agreement in both the CH2O calibration and particleboard emissions testing. The CH2O emission rates of the test specimens demonstrate a Fick’s Law dependence on CH2O vapor concentration. Measured CH2O concentrations are described by a single-compartment, single emitter model, and are inversely proportional to the ratio [N/L (m/h)] of the air exchange rate [N(h-1)] and product loading [L(m-1)]. Comparison tests at varying N and L, but uniform N/L were performed; similar CH2O concentrations were measured for N and L levels selected from an indoor compartment model, and for fivefold larger N and L values, which are more convenient for small-scale chamber testing. 相似文献