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21.
This study is based on zooplankton samples collected in the upper 50 m by the F.R.V. Manihine in the Gulf of Aden during October–November, 1966 and February–March, 1967. Generally, the displacement volume of zooplankton varied between 20 and 67 ml/m2. Some higher values, up to 100 ml/m2, were also observed. The number of larval fish in positive hauls ranged from 2 to 282 larvae/m2. An inverse relationship between the number of larval fish and the accompanying volume of zooplankton was noted. This relationship is discussed. It is hypothesized that larval mortality due to predation in the Gulf of Aden during the northeast monsoon (November, February and March) was very high. 相似文献
22.
Gotthilf Hempel 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2008,20(2):112-119
Background and Scope
There is a multitude of uses in the seas worldwide: fishing, shipping, tourism, exploitation of oil and gas, sea-bed mining, waste disposal, etc. They all compete for space and resources. Each of them has its specific impact on marine ecosystems. Furthermore, they interact with each other and with the marine environment. Fisheries are the most deleterious interactions of man with marine ecosystems by withdrawing a major part of the annual production of large fish, molluscs and crustacea. Many marine habitats are destroyed by fishing, particularly by heavy bottom trawling.Basics of Fisheries
The production of a fish stock can be increased by removing the old fish. Fishing is sustainable as long as it is restricted to the removal of the surplus production. Subventions and market forces are opposed the rational way of effort reduction aiming at the recovery of overexploited stocks. Fishing has collateral effects on target species. Heavy selective fishing of large, slow-growing predatory fish will favour small, fast-growing species of a lower level in the trophic pyramid. Fishing in marine ecosystems is a complex process in which biological and economic factors interact. At different scales of space and time they are superimposed by changes in the oceanic environment. Climatic variations and global warming of the Ocean differ in their effects from region to region, and they affect distribution, composition and fishing yield of the various exploited fish stocks. Politics has a major impact on the development of fisheries; historical examples are the collapse of the Eastern Bloc with its big distant water fishing fleets, or the introduction of the 200 nm Economic Zones, putting most fish stocks under national jurisdiction.Discussion
Fishery science is still striving to understand the variability of year-class strength in fish stocks. In the foreground of modern research, however, are the interactions in multi-species communities in relation to changes in the abiotic and biotic environment and to different kinds of management. We have no possibility to study the complex interactions in marine fish communities by controlled experiments. The only information we have are records on landings and fishing efforts. They provide the basis for sophisticated mathematical models. Ecosystem modelling is a relatively young field in marine ecology. In Europe and North America fishery science is more than hundred years old. It is not possible, however, to apply the methods and models of, e.g., North Sea research to low latitude ecosystems and fisheries.Conclusions
The sustainable use and protection of the marine living resources and biodiversity are global challenges. Each Large Marine Ecosystem calls for specific solutions in terms of research and management. Problems have to be tackled not only by computer models and remote sensing, but also by field research in all parts of the world. The further development of marine and fisheries research in developing countries is a matter of north-south-partnerships with high win-win spin-offs. Over the past decades some excellent groups of marine scientists from several tropical countries have been established who are very open for partnership projects in the true sense. They offer great opportunities to jointly study the richness of marine fauna, flora, and ecosystems in tropical and subtropical shelf seas and up-welling regions. 相似文献23.
24.
Gotthilf Hempel 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1995,82(5):253-256
Naturwissenschaften Aktuell 相似文献
25.
A new S-containing metabolite of 1-allyl-3,5-diethyl-6-chlorouracil is reported. By comparison with an authentic sample, this metabolite has been identified as 6,8-diethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydrothiazolo [3,2-c] pyrimidine-5,7 (4H, 6H)-dione. The mechanism of the formation of S-containing metabolites is discussed. 相似文献
26.
The hexagon model of color vision predicts that white flowers which reflect ultraviolet light resemble green foliage to a
bee's eye, whereas, according to other models of the bee color vision, UV-reflecting white is discriminable from foliage green.
The hexagon model is widely used in ecologically and evolutionary oriented literature, and the predicted similarity between
white and green has been recently presented as a well established fact (Waser and Chittka 1998). We show that bees detect
UV-reflecting white objects presented on a green background, a finding that is in disagreement with the predictions of the
hexagon model.
Received: 22 March 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 2 July 1999 相似文献
27.
Maximilian Zander 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1982,69(9):436-442
The physical and chemical properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons depend on the size (number of carbon centres) and the topology of the systems. Consequently structure/property relations can be treated as quantitative analogy models with size and topology as the independent variables. This class of compounds is the example par excellence to put forward a general view in chemistry, i.e. topological chemistry. 相似文献
28.
Rodríguez I Gumbert A Hempel de Ibarra N Kunze J Giurfa M 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2004,91(8):374-377
Bilateral symmetry has been considered as an indicator of phenotypic and genotypic quality supporting innate preferences for highly symmetric partners. Insect pollinators preferentially visit flowers of a particular symmetry type, thus leading to the suggestion that they have innate preferences for symmetrical flowers or flower models. Here we show that flower-naïve bumblebees (Bombus terrestris), with no experience of symmetric or asymmetric patterns and whose visual experience was accurately controlled, have innate preferences for bilateral symmetry. The presence of color cues did not influence the bees original preference. Our results thus show that bilateral symmetry is innately preferred in the context of food search, a fact that supports the selection of symmetry in flower displays. Furthermore, such innate preferences indicate that the nervous system of naïve animals may be primed to respond to relevant sensory cues in the environment. 相似文献
29.
Scheringer M Stroebe M Wania F Wegmann F Hungerbühler K 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2004,11(1):41-48
BACKGROUND: Export to the deep sea has been found to be a relevant pathway for highly hydrophobic chemicals. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of this process on the potential for long-range transport (LRT) of such chemicals. METHODS: The spatial range as a measure of potential for LRT is calculated for seven PCB congeners with the multimedia fate and transport model ChemRange. Spatial ranges for cases with and without deep sea export are compared. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Export to the deep sea leads to increased transfer from the air to the surface ocean and, thereby, to lower spatial ranges for PCB congeners whose net deposition rate constant is similar to or greater than the atmospheric degradation rate constant. This is fulfilled for the PCB congeners 101, 153, 180, and 194. The spatial ranges of the congeners 8, 28, and 52, in contrast, are not affected by deep sea export. With export to the deep sea included in the model, the spatial ranges of the heavier congener are similar to those of the lighter ones, while the intermediate congeners 101 and 153 have the highest potential for long-range transport. CONCLUSIONS: Transfer to the deep ocean affects the mass balance and the potential for LRT of highly hydrophobic chemicals and should be included in multimedia fate models containing a compartment for ocean water. 相似文献
30.