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11.
Meaghan A. Vavrek Chris K. Elvidge Robert DeCaire Brenna Belland Christopher D. Jackson Grant E. Brown 《Chemoecology》2008,18(4):255-261
Summary. Several freshwater invertebrate and vertebrate prey species rely on chemosensory cues, including non-injury released disturbance
cues, to assess and avoid local predation threats. The prevailing hypothesis is that a pulse of ammonia released by disturbed
or stressed prey functions as the disturbance cue. Here, we test this hypothesis in two phylogenetically distant freshwater
prey fishes, convict cichlids and rainbow trout. In our first experiment, we measured NH4
+ concentration in tanks containing shoals of cichlid or trout before and after exposure to a realistic model predator (or
left undisturbed). We failed to find an increase in ambient NH4
+ concentration for either cichlids or trout. In our second experiment, we exposed cichlids or trout to NH4
+ at 0.1 or 0.5 mg L−1 (or a distilled water control) and measured the change in antipredator behaviour (time moving, foraging rate and area use).
We found no consistent increase in antipredator behaviour in response to NH4
+. In our third study, we exposed cichlids and trout to the disturbance cues of cichlids or trout (versus the odour of undisturbed
donors). We found significant increases in antipredator behaviour, regardless of donor species, for both cichlids and trout.
Thus, the results of our first two experiments do not support the hypothesis that ammonium functions as a disturbance cue
in prey fishes. However, the results of our final experiment do confirm the use of disturbance cues in convict cichlids and
rainbow trout and support that hypothesis that the disturbance cue is indeed some generalized metabolic byproduct. 相似文献
12.
Multiple stressors in amphibian communities: effects of chemical contamination, bullfrogs, and fish. 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Michelle D Boone Raymond D Semlitsch Edward E Little Meaghan C Doyle 《Ecological applications》2007,17(1):291-301
A leading hypothesis of amphibian population declines is that combinations of multiple stressors contribute to declines. We examined the role that chemical contamination, competition, and predation play singly and in combination in aquatic amphibian communities. We exposed larvae of American toads (Bufo americanus), southern leopard frogs (Rana sphenocephala), and spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) to overwintered bullfrog tadpoles (R. catesbeiana), bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), the insecticide carbaryl, and ammonium nitrate fertilizer in 1000-L mesocosms. Most significantly, our study demonstrated that the presence of multiple factors reduced survival of B. americanus and A. maculatum and lengthened larval periods of R. sphenocephala. The presence of bluegill had the largest impact on the community; it eliminated B. americanus and A. maculatum and reduced the abundance of R. sphenocephala. Chemical contaminants had the second strongest effect on the community with the insecticide, reducing A. maculatum abundance by 50% and increasing the mass of anurans (frogs and toads) at metamorphosis; the fertilizer positively influenced time and mass at metamorphosis for both anurans and A. maculatum. Presence of overwintered bullfrogs reduced mass and increased time to metamorphosis of anurans. While both bluegill and overwintered bullfrog tadpoles had negative effects on the amphibian community, they performed better in the presence of one another and in contaminated habitats. Our results indicate that predicting deleterious combinations from single-factor effects may not be straightforward. Our research supports the hypothesis that combinations of factors can negatively impact some amphibian species and could contribute to population declines. 相似文献
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14.
Maud C. O. Ferrari Meaghan A. Vavrek Chris K. Elvidge Bryan Fridman Douglas P. Chivers Grant E. Brown 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,63(1):113-121
Following disturbance, some aquatic prey species release chemicals that act as a warning cue and increase vigilance in nearby
conspecifics. Such disturbance cues evoke consistent low intensity anti-predator responses. In contrast, alarm cues from injured
conspecifics often evoke stronger intensity responses in prey animals. In this study, we test the sensory complement hypothesis,
which suggests that multiple cues act in an additive or synergistic fashion to provide additional information for risk assessment
by prey. In the first experiment, we showed that juvenile rainbow trout pre-exposed to disturbance cues respond to a given
concentration of damage-released alarm cues with a higher intensity of response than the trout that were pre-exposed to cues
from undisturbed conspecifics. The two cues acted in an additive fashion. In the second experiment, we demonstrated that disturbance
cues alone were not enough to elicit a conditioned response to the odour of a novel predator. We also showed that while disturbance
cues elicit an increase in the response of trout to alarm cues, this increase does not translate into a stronger learned response
to the predator when the predator odour is paired with alarm cues. Future studies should take into account sensory complementation
to avoid underestimating the responses of prey to predators. 相似文献
15.
PROBLEM: This study aimed to provide an assessment of the contribution of design to the occurrence of fatal work-related injuries in Australia. METHODS: The Australian National Coroners' Information System was the data source for fatal injuries. Deaths resulting from workplace injuries on or between 1 July 2000 and 30 June 2002 were included. RESULTS: Seventy seven (37%) of the 210 identified workplace fatalities definitely or probably had design-related issues involved. In another 29 (14%), the circumstances were suggestive that design issues were involved. The most common scenarios involved problems with rollover protective structures and/or associated seat belts; inadequate guarding; lack of residual current devices; inadequate fall protection; failed hydraulic lifting systems in vehicles and mobile equipment; and inadequate protection mechanisms on mobile plant and vehicles. SUMMARY: Design is a significant contributor to work-related fatal injury in Australia. There is considerable scope for preventing serious work-related injury through improving design of plant, equipment, and vehicles used for work-related purposes. 相似文献
16.
Meaghan Newson 《生态毒理学报》2002,(4):24-27
自然和生态旅游认定计划承认和奖励在澳大利亚真正的自然旅游和生态旅游经营方式 . 这是 一个产业界推动的志愿举措 , 是咨询了经营者、被保护地区的管理者和其他关键人士而开展 起来的 . 本文讨论了 NEAP的开展情况 , 它与其他计划的关系及其在国际环境中的地位 . 相似文献
17.
Malcolm Newson 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1991,34(2):72-74
This paper is concerned with the way in which academics who are drawn into the Environmental Assessment process use their skill, knowledge and understanding. It identifies shortcomings and pitfalls and stresses the importance of integrity and monitoring. 相似文献
18.
ABSTRACT: Recent results from the Institute of Hydrology's hydrometeorological and hydrological studies on water use by forest and grassland confirm earlier predictions of a reduction in water yields following afforestation. This reduction is due primarily to the increased interception losses from forests. This paper shows how the water yield from uplands is related to the relative proportions of land under forest and hill farming, and estimates how water yields will change if a greater proportion of hill land is afforested. 相似文献
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