原子荧光法同时测定海产品中砷、汞

文章以青岛团岛农贸市场的新鲜鱼、虾、贝类为研究对象,采用微波消解氢化物发生-原子荧光法同时测定海产品中的砷、汞含量,结果表明该方法具有很好的准确度和精密度可以用于海产品中砷、汞的快速测定。应用生物质量指数法,参照国家海洋局海洋生物质量评价标准和农业部行业标准无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量进行质量评价。     

四种拟除虫菊酯类农药的环境雌激素活性研究

将金鱼(Carassius auratus)分别暴露于0.1mg/L甲氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯和0.5mg/L氯氰菊酯21d后,尾静脉取血,离心分离获得血浆,利用Western-blot方法检测金鱼血浆中是否有卵黄原蛋白产生,同时测定金鱼生殖腺指数、γ-谷氨酰转移酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性.结果表明,对照组雄性金鱼血浆中未检测到卵黄原蛋白,4种拟除虫菊酯农药均能诱导雄性金鱼分泌卵黄原蛋白,而且溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯明显降低了雄鱼生殖腺指数,4种农药均能够明显抑制精巢γ-谷氨酰转移酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性.由此可见,4种拟除虫菊酯类农药具有潜在的环境雌激素活性和生殖毒性.     

面向碳排放权分配的衡量指标的公正性评价

公正性和碳排放衡量指标是全球气候谈判的焦点之一.文章阐述了气候谈判中涉及的公平公正原则和国际上主要的碳排放衡量指标(国家排放总量、国家累积排放总量、人均排放指标、人均累积碳排放量、碳排放强度等),结合定量分析,从公正原则的角度剖析了碳排放衡量指标,并基于相关公正原则提出新的衡量指标.结果表明:(1)公正性不存在唯一的标准,目前已发展出责任原则、支付能力原则、平等主义原则等重要公正原则.但其中如责任原则等公正原则存在较大的争议.(2)没有一个现有的指标能反映所有的公正原则,在偏重某一公正原则的同时忽略了其他公正原则.(3)基于平等主义原则和责任原则,提出工业化弹性人均累积排放量等新指标.     

城市和电子垃圾拆解区室内灰尘中溴代阻燃剂(BFRs)的浓度和生物有效性

本文以广州市区和电子垃圾拆解区室内灰尘为研究对象,分析不同粒径(50—2000μm)灰尘中溴代阻燃剂(brominated flame retardants, BFRs)的浓度、组成和生物有效性.广州市区灰尘中BFRs以十溴二苯乙烷(decabromodiphenyl ethane, DBDPE)(4930—7280 ng·g~(-1))为主,电子垃圾拆解区以十溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ether 209, BDE209)(5570—602600 ng·g~(-1))为主.对比研究结果发现,城市灰尘中BFRs的分布无粒径差异,而电子垃圾拆解区最细粒径灰尘中BFRs含量最高.广州市区灰尘中BFRs生物有效性随化合物的lg K_(ow)增加而降低.电子垃圾拆解区灰尘生物有效性显著低于市区灰尘,表明在电子垃圾拆解区灰尘中电子垃圾碎片的存在很大程度上降低了BFRs的生物有效性.人体暴露评估结果显示,广州市区人体暴露风险低于电子垃圾拆解区暴露风险.     

类脂复合吸附剂去除水中微量七氯和环氧七氯的研究

研制了一种新型类脂-活性炭复合吸附剂,研究了其对水中痕量持久性有机污染物--七氯和环氧七氯的吸附行为.实验结果表明,该新型复合吸附剂对七氯和环氧七氯有较强的吸附性能,反应48 h后,对初始浓度为20μg·L-1的七氯和环氧七氯的去除率分别为98.79%和98.08%;吸附等温线符合弗兰德里希模型;吸附动力学符合准二阶动力学模型.该复合吸附剂对亲脂性较强的七氯具有较快的初始吸附速率、较大的平衡吸附量和较高的去除率.相同实验条件下,类脂-活性炭复合吸附剂对七氯和环氧七氯的吸附速率和去除效果均优于传统吸附材料活性炭.     

Microbial in situ degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in a contaminated aquifer monitored by carbon isotope fractionation

We present an approach for characterizing in situ microbial degradation using the 13C/12C isotope fractionation of contaminants as an indicator of biodegradation. The 13C/12C isotope fractionation of aromatic hydrocarbons was studied in anoxic laboratory soil percolation columns with toluene or o-xylene as the sole carbon and electron source, and sulfate as electron acceptor. After approximately 2 months' of incubation, the soil microbial community degraded 32 mg toluene l(-1) and 44 mg o-xylene l(-1) to less than 0.05 mg l(-1), generating a stable concentration gradient in the column. The 13C/12C isotope ratio in the residual non-degraded fraction of toluene and o-xylene increased significantly, corresponding to isotope fractionation factors (alphaC) of 1.0015 and 1.0011, respectively. When the extent of biodegradation in the soil column was calculated based on the measured isotope ratios (R(t)) and an isotope fractionation factor (alphaC=1.0017) obtained from a sulfate-reducing batch culture the theoretical residual substrate concentrations (C(t)) matched the measured toluene concentrations in the column. This indicated that a calculation of biodegradation based on isotope fractionation could work in systems like soil columns. In a field study, a polluted, anoxic aquifer was analyzed for BTEX and PAH contaminants. These compounds were found to exhibit a significant concentration gradient along an 800-m groundwater flow path downstream of the source of contamination. A distinct increase in the carbon isotope ratio (delta13C) was observed for the residual non-degraded toluene (7.2 per thousand ), o-xylene (8.1 per thousand ) and naphthalene fractions (1.2 per thousand ). Based on the isotope values and the laboratory-derived isotope fractionation factors for toluene and o-xylene, the extent to which the residual substrate fraction in the monitoring wells had been degraded by microorganisms was calculated. The results revealed significant biodegradation along the groundwater flow path. In the wells at the end of the plume, the bioavailable toluene and o-xylene fractions had been almost completely reduced by in situ microbial degradation. Although indane and indene showed decreasing concentrations downstream of the groundwater flow path, suggesting microbial degradation, their carbon isotope ratios remained constant. As the physical properties of these compounds are similar to those of BTEX compounds, the constant isotope values of indane and indene indicated that microbial degradation did not lead to isotope fractionation of all aromatic hydrocarbons. In addition, physical interaction with the aquifer material during the groundwater passage did not significantly alter the carbon isotope composition of aromatic hydrocarbons.     

中条山东段植被垂直带的数量分类研究

在野外调查的基础上,应用有序样方聚类法对中条山东段植 垂直带进行了数量分类研究,结果为：１．落叶阔叶林带,包括４个亚带：（１）侧柏林带（５００￣８００ｍ）,（２０松栎林带（８００￣１８００ｍ）,（３）栓皮林带（１４００￣２０００ｍ）和（４）杨桦林带（１９００￣２２００ｍ）;２．山地草甸带（２１００￣２３５８ｍ）。此外,与前人的划分结果进行了比较,结果表明,有序样方聚类法的结果更符合实际情况。     

Phototransformation of nitrobenzene in the Songhua River: Kinetics and photoproduct analysis

Nitrobenzene (NB) pollution of the Songhua River caused by an explosion at a petrochemical plant in Jilin City,Jilin Province, China,attracted public concern over the fate of NB in the river.As one of the efforts to predict the fate of residual NB in the river,the kinetics and mechanism of phototransformation of NB in natural water from four sections of the Songhua River were investigated.It was found that photodegradation of NB in water proceeded via pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics under simulated ...     

转小鼠金属硫蛋白-Ⅰ基因聚球藻7002净化重金属废水的研究

以转小鼠金属硫蛋白-Ⅰ基因(mMT-I)聚球藻7002为对象,研究了其在含Cd2 、Pb2 和Hg2 的培养基中的生长特性及其对重金属的净化性能.结果表明,无论从生长速率还是对重金属的耐受特性来看,转 m MT-Ⅰ聚球藻7002均明显优于野生藻;随着培养进程的延续和细胞浓度逐渐提高,体系中Cd2 、pb2 和Hg2 的浓度逐渐降低,降幅最大的时间约在试验开始后1-3 d左右;经3 d培养,转mMT-Ⅰ聚球藻细胞对Cd2 、pb2 和Hg2 的净化率分别为63.90%、65.99%和96.27%,吸附量分别为10.75、58.89和112.61 mg·g-1,而野生聚球藻的吸附量分别为3.40、27.01和1.12 mg·g-1,前者分别是后者的3.16、2.18和100.45倍;并建立了操作时间和细胞浓度对净化率的单因子模型,以及总括动力学模型方程,模型对实验结果拟合良好.     

不同有机肥中磷在土壤剖面中累积迁移特征与有效性差异

为明确连续施用不同有机肥后土壤剖面中磷的分布规律和迁移特征,探讨不同有机肥磷投入下农田磷负荷.通过4 a连续田间定位试验,定量化研究连续施用不同有机肥后土壤剖面中磷的累积迁移特征与有效性差异.结果表明:(1)连续4 a施用不同有机肥后,肥料中磷主要积累在0~15 cm表层土壤,土壤全磷、速效磷含量均随土壤深度增加逐渐降低;连续4 a施用高量有机肥后,其带入的磷可明显迁移到15~30 cm土层,施用高量猪粪速效磷可迁移到60~90 cm土层.(2)连续4 a施用不同有机肥后,土壤表层中速效磷占全磷比例增加,且高用量与低用量之间差异显著.土壤剖面中速效磷占全磷比例的大小顺序为:猪粪处理鸡粪处理污泥处理磷肥处理.(3)施用鸡粪、猪粪、污泥和磷肥后土壤表层中速效磷含量随磷投入量增加呈先增加后平缓的规律.(4)本试验条件下,不同有机肥相同磷投入下对表层土壤速效磷贡献存在较大差异,表现为:猪粪鸡粪污泥.猪粪带入磷的生物有效性和移动性明显高于鸡粪、污泥和磷肥.