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171.
Environmental planners and managers face unique challenges understanding and documenting the effectiveness of programs that
rely on voluntary actions by private landowners. Programs, such as those aimed at reducing nonpoint source pollution or improving
habitat, intend to reach those goals by persuading landowners to adopt behaviors and management practices consistent with
environmental restoration and protection. Our purpose with this paper is to identify barriers for improving voluntary environmental
management programs and ways to overcome them. We first draw upon insights regarding data, learning, and adaptation from the
adaptive management and performance management literatures, describing three key issues: overcoming information constraints,
structural limitations, and organizational culture. Although these lessons are applicable to a variety of voluntary environmental
management programs, we then present the issues in the context of on-going research for nonpoint source water quality pollution.
We end the discussion by highlighting important elements for advancing voluntary program efforts. 相似文献
172.
Erin L. Murphy Miranda Bernard Gwenllian Iacona Stephanie B. Borrelle Megan Barnes Alexis McGivern Jorge Emmanuel Leah R. Gerber 《Conservation biology》2022,36(2):e13827
Marine plastic pollution has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time. Although there has been a surge in global investment for implementing interventions to mitigate plastic pollution, there has been little attention given to the cost of these interventions. We developed a decision support framework to identify the economic, social, and ecological costs and benefits of plastic pollution interventions for different sectors and stakeholders. We calculated net cost as a function of six cost and benefit categories with the following equation: cost of implementing an intervention (direct, indirect, and nonmonetary costs) minus recovered costs and benefits (monetary and nonmonetary) produced by the interventions. We applied our framework to two quantitative case studies (a solid waste management plan and a trash interceptor) and four comparative case studies, evaluating the costs of beach cleanups and waste-to-energy plants in various contexts, to identify factors that influence the costs of plastic pollution interventions. The socioeconomic context of implementation, the spatial scale of implementation, and the time scale of evaluation all influence costs and the distribution of costs across stakeholders. Our framework provides an approach to estimate and compare the costs of a range of interventions across sociopolitical and economic contexts. 相似文献
173.
174.
We examined the relationship between maternal care and ant-tending in the treehopper species, Publilia modesta. Ant-tending increased the number of nymphs surviving to adulthood by approximately fivefold. Maternal care increased the number of nymphs surviving to adulthood by approximately 50% in the presence of ants. Maternal care had either no effect or the opposite effect in the absence of ants; when ants were not present survivorship was 30% lower in the presence of mothers. Maternal care increased the average number of ants tending nymph aggregations approximately threefold early in the summer; consequently, we suggest that the primary benefit of maternal care is to attract ants while nymphs are small and few in number. Because there was no benefit of maternal care in the absence of ants, we conclude that ant-tending provides an ecological context that favors maternal care in this treehopper species. 相似文献
175.
Jennifer Griffiths Megan N. Dethier Amanda Newsom James E. Byers John J. Meyer Fernanda Oyarzun Hunter Lenihan 《Marine Biology》2006,149(6):1489-1497
Marine reserves can help in maintaining biodiversity and potentially be useful as a fishery management tool by removing human-mediated impacts. Intertidal, soft-sediment habitats can often support robust recreational and commercial shellfish harvests, especially for clams; however, there is limited research on the effects of reserves in these habitats. In San Juan County, Washington, several reserves prohibit recreational clam digging. We examined the effects of these reserves on infaunal community composition through comparison with non-reserve beaches during a 6-week period. Clam abundance, overall species richness and total polychaete family richness were greater on reserve beaches compared to non-reserve beaches. Additionally, an experiment within a reserve demonstrated negative impacts of digging on non-target infauna. These effects probably resulted from local disruption and disturbance of the sediment habitat and not from increased post-digging predation, which was controlled. Intertidal reserves could play an important role in sustaining local and potentially regional biodiversity. 相似文献
176.
C. N. Ludvik G. M. Glenn A. P. Klamczynski D. F. Wood 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2007,15(4):251-257
Adding cellulose fiber reinforcement can improve mechanical properties of biodegradable plastics, but fiber must be well dispersed
to achieve any benefit. The approach to dispersing fiber in this study was to use aqueous gels of sodium bentonite clay. These
clay-fiber gels were combined with powdered compostable thermoplastics and calcium carbonate filler. The composite was dried,
twin-screw extruded, and injection molded to make thin parts for tensile testing. An experimental design was used to determine
the effect of fiber concentration, fiber length, and clay concentration. Polybutylene adipate/terephthalate copolymer (PBAT)
and 70/30 polylactic acid (PLA)/PBAT blend were the biodegradable plastics studied. The composite strength decreased compared
to the thermoplastics (13 vs. 19 MPa for PBAT, 27 vs. 38 MPa for the PLA/PBAT blend). The composite elongation to break decreased
compared to the thermoplastics (170% vs. 831% for PBAT, 4.9% vs. 8.7% for the PLA/PBAT blend). The modulus increased for the
composites compared to the thermoplastic standards (149 vs. 61 MPa for PBAT, 1328 vs. 965 MPa for the PLA/PBAT blend). All
composite samples had good water resistance. 相似文献
177.
178.
179.
A pronounced north–south multitaxon genetic discontinuity occurs in central New Zealand (NZ). Polymorphic microsatellite markers have been used to test the location and structure of this discontinuity in the endemic greenshell mussel, Perna canaliculus. Nine neutral loci revealed limited evidence of genetic structure, but one outlier locus (Pcan1-27) which may be under selection provided evidence of the discontinuity in central NZ. Whilst the limited multilocus evidence of structure is assumed to result from high levels of gene flow among populations of this continuously distributed species, assignment tests indicated high to very high mean levels of self-recruitment within the 14 populations and the north and south regions. The nine neutral loci were unable to provide further clarification as to the geographic location of the discontinuity, whereas the Pcan1-27 locus was particularly informative. These results highlight a tension between limited evidence of genetic structure and presumptive high gene flow among populations versus high levels of self-recruitment and pronounced structure depending on microsatellite loci and analyses in question. Evidence from all 10 loci indicates that the genetic discontinuity is maintained by high levels of self-recruitment, and evidence from Pcan1-27 suggests that selection may also be important in explaining the existence of the discontinuity. 相似文献
180.
N.H. Florin A.R. Maddocks S. Wood A.T. Harris 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(4):1399-1408
The high-temperature thermal destruction of poultry derived wastes (e.g., manure and bedding) for energy recovery is viable in Australia when considering resource availability and equivalent commercial-scale experience in the UK. In this work, we identified and examined the opportunities and risks associated with common thermal destruction techniques, including: volume of waste, costs, technological risks and environmental impacts. Typical poultry waste streams were characterised based on compositional analysis, thermodynamic equilibrium modelling and non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (TG–MS). Poultry waste is highly variable but otherwise comparable with other biomass fuels. The major technical and operating challenges are associated with this variability in terms of: moisture content, presence of inorganic species and type of litter. This variability is subject to a range of parameters including: type and age of bird, and geographical and seasonal inconsistencies. There are environmental and health considerations associated with combustion and gasification due to the formation of: NOX, SOX, H2S and HCl gas. Mitigation of these emissions is achievable through correct plant design and operation, however, with significant economic penalty. Based on our analysis and literature data, we present cost estimates for generic poultry-waste-fired power plants with throughputs of 2 and 8 tonnes/h. 相似文献